Lecture 7: Disorders of Growth and Neoplasia

Question 1

Identify the cell and tissue changes

Answer 1

top: metaplasia: change from cuboidal to different cells, but all the different cells are similar to each other

Bottom: dysplasia: change from cuboidal cells to different types, and they don’t all look the same

Question 2

What are the preneoplastic changes in cell and tissues

Answer 2

metaplasia, dysplasia

Question 3

T of F: preneoplastic changes to metaplasia and dysplasia damage basement membrane

Answer 3

False

Question 4

T of F: neoplastic changes break basement membrane

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible

Answer 5

Reversible

Question 6

What is metaplasia

Answer 6

Reversible exchange within a tissue of one mature cell type (differentiated adult cells) from another mature cell type

Requires reprogramming or reserve cells (stem cells)

Question 7

What are some examples of causes that can result in metaplasia

Answer 7

1. Vitamin A deficiency
2. Chronic pyometra

Question 8

What cellular metaplasia changes are noted in vitamin A deficiency

Answer 8

Columnar or cuboidal respiratory epithelium to squamous epithelium

Question 9

What are the cellular metaplasia changes noted in chronic pyometra

Answer 9

Squamous metaplasia

Question 10

What tissue? Which is normal or abnormal and how can you tell?

Answer 10

Showing change from normal to epithelial metaplasia

Left: normal trachea
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Normal: polarity is oriented, perpendicular to basement membrane, cilia present

Right: squamous metaplasia, stratified squamous epithelium

Abnormal: polarity is disorganized, lack of columnar appearance. No cilia. Lamina propria has more collagen fibers

Question 11

What is going on here

Answer 11

Showing change from normal fibrous tissue to irregular trabeculae of woven bone and multi ocular cartilage: mesenchymal metaplasia

Small blue box: fibrous tissue
Larger box: irregular trabeculae of wove bone and multi nodular cartilage

Question 12

What happened here and what stain is used

Answer 12

Myxomatous metaplasia, transition from normal mitral valve to myxomatous metaplasia due to heart failure

Stain: alcian blue stain

Question 13

What stain is used for myxomatous metaplasia

Answer 13

Alcian blue stain

Question 14

What is dysplasia

Answer 14

Typical differentiation, disorderly arrangement, partially reversible, develops at site of chronic inflammation

Question 15

What are the features of dysplasia

Answer 15

1. Increased variation in cell size and shape
2. Increased nuclear size: increase nucleus: cytoplasm ratio
3. Increased and abnormal mitosis
4. Disorganized arrangement of cells

Question 16

What is happening here

Answer 16

Left: epidermal hyperplasia
Right: epidermal dysplasia

Question 17

Identify which image shows dysplasia and which shows invasive carcinoma

Answer 17

Left: dysplasia- not through basement membrane
Right: invasive carcinoma- through basement membrane

Question 18

What are some extrinsic factors that predispose or influence neoplastic formation

Answer 18

Pigmentation, sex and age, UV radiation, metabolic activation, environmental exposures, chemical carcinogens, hormones, trauma and chronic inflammation, immune incompetence

Question 19

What are some viral and other infectious pathogens that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation

Answer 19

Retroviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, hepadnaviruses, spurocera lupi

Question 20

What are some intrinsic factors that can predispose or influence neoplastic transformation

Answer 20

Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, mutation, heritability

Question 21

What is wrong here and what is yellow arrow pointing to

Answer 21

Bovine Lymphosarcoma caused by bovine leukemia virus (retrovirus)
Spleen: splenomegaly due to lymphosarcoma
Arrow: all white pulp tumors

Question 22

What can cause bovine lymphosarcoma

Answer 22

Bovine leukemia viruses (retrovirus)

Question 23

What is the stepwise tumor development

Answer 23

1. Normal
2. Initiation- genetic irreversible
3. Initiated cell
4. Promoted- non-genetic, reversible
5. Preneoplastic lesion/benign tumor
6. Progression- genetic/nongenetic, irreversible/reversible
7. Malignant tumor

Question 24

What occurs in initiation phase of neoplastic transformation and is it reversible or irreversible

Answer 24

Irreversible genetic change in replicating cell population- basal cells

Initiated cell has mutation, DNA damage but still appears normal

Question 25

T or F: at least a single round of DNA replication is necessary for fixation of the genetic change to occur

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Is promotion step in neoplastic transformation reversible or irreversible

Answer 26

Reversible

Question 27

What happens during promotion step in neoplastic transformation

Answer 27

Create an environment that gives initiated cells a growth advantage (due to their mutation) over rest of population, promote cell proliferation

Question 28

T or F: promotion phase effects DNA directly

Answer 28

False

Question 29

Is progression stage irreversible or reversible for neoplastic progression

Answer 29

Both

Question 30

What happens in progression phase of neoplastic transformation

Answer 30

Conversion of benign tumor to an increasingly malignant tumor and ultimately to a metastatic tumor Pr,one their own blood supply, proliferating, detaching and moving to distant sites

Question 31

What are the three heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis

Answer 31

1. DNA mutations 2. epigenetic changes 3. Chromosomal alterations

Question 32

What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are DNA mutations

Answer 32

Point mutation, deletion, insertion, recombination, amplification, gene conversion

Question 33

What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are epigenetic changes

Answer 33

DNA methylation, imprinting, histone methylation, histone aceytlation

Question 34

What heritable alterations contributing to carcinogenesis are chromosomal alterations

Answer 34

Duplication, deletion, translocation, inversion

Question 35

What are 2 characteristics of neoplasia

Answer 35

1. Loss of function or unregulated function 2. Genomic instability

Question 36

What are some examples of loss of function or unregulated function

Answer 36

1. Multiple myeloma cells overproduce some forms of Ig’s 2. Pulmonary carcinoma tissue that fails to exchange oxygen

Question 37

What are some examples of genomic instability characteristic of neoplasia

Answer 37

Long, unstable telomeres, DNA damage fails to trigger cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, DNA repair mechanisms fail, increase rate of gene alteration

Question 38

What do benign tumors end in

Answer 38

“Oma”

Question 39

What do malignant tumors of epithelial origin end in

Answer 39

Carcinoma

Question 40

What do malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin end in

Answer 40

Sarcoma

Question 41

Which is benign vs malignant and what kind of tumor?

Answer 41

left: fibroma- benign- primarily composed of mature collagenous CT with few neoplastic fibroblasts that are indistinguishable from normal fibroblasts Right: fibrosarcoma: composed of interlacing bundles of large fibroblasts with plump, elongated nuclei and moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm, mature collagen is sparse to absent

Question 42

Carcinoma or sarcoma

Answer 42

Carcinoma- cohesive cells

Question 43

Carcinoma or sarcoma

Answer 43

sarcoma: spindle shaped

Question 44

What is the nomenclature for a benign glandular epithelium tumor

Answer 44

Adenoma

Question 45

What is nomenclature for malignant glandular epithelium tumor

Answer 45

Adenocarcinoma

Question 46

What is the nomenclature for a benign squamous epithelium tumor

Answer 46

Papilloma

Question 47

What is the nomenclature for a malignant squamous epithelium tumor

Answer 47

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 48

What is the nomenclature for a benign liver tumor

Answer 48

Hepatoma

Question 49

What is nomenclature for malignant liver tumor

Answer 49

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 50

What is nomenclature for a benign skeletal muscle tumor

Answer 50

Rhabdomyoma

Question 51

What is nomenclature for a malignant skeletal muscle tumor

Answer 51

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 52

What is nomenclature for a benign smooth muscle tumor

Answer 52

Leiomyoma

Question 53

What is nomenclature for a malignant smooth muscle tumor

Answer 53

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 54

What is nomenclature for a benign bone tumor

Answer 54

Osteoma

Question 55

What is nomenclature for a malignant bone tumor

Answer 55

Osteosarcoma

Question 56

What kind of tumor is this

Answer 56

Adenocarcinoma

Question 57

What kind of tumor is this

Answer 57

Osteosarcoma

Question 58

Are round cell tumors epithelial or mesenchymal

Answer 58

Mesenchymal

Question 59

What is the name for a malignant lymphocyte tumor

Answer 59

Lymphoma or lymphosarcoma

Question 60

What is the name for a benign plasma cell tumor

Answer 60

Plasma cell tumor or plasmocytoma

Question 61

What is the name for a malignant plasma cell tumor

Answer 61

Multiple myeloma

Question 62

What is the name for a benign histiocyte (macrophage)

Answer 62

Histioctytoma

Question 63

What is the name for a malignant histiocyte (macrophage)

Answer 63

Histiocytic sarcoma

Question 64

What is the name for a benign MCT

Answer 64

MCT low grade

Question 65

What is the name for a malignant MCT

Answer 65

MCT high grade

Question 66

Identify the types of tumors

Answer 66

all: round cell tumors Upper left: plasmoctyoma Bottom left: lymphoma Upper right: histiocytoma Bottom right: MCT

Question 67

What is an astrocyte tumor

Answer 67

Astrocytoma

Question 68

What is an oligodendrocyte tumor

Answer 68

Oligodendroglioma

Question 69

What does hamartoma mean

Answer 69

Tumor like lesion that is disorganized, mature tissue in normal location

Question 70

What does Choristoma mean

Answer 70

Tumor like lesion, disorganized, mature tissue in abnormal location

Question 71

What type of tumor is this

Answer 71

Oligodendroglioma

Question 72

Provide descriptive terms for 1-3

Answer 72

1. Penduculated/poylpoid 2. Papillary 3. Ulcerated

Question 73

What kind of tumor is this

Answer 73

papilloma

Question 74

Provide the descriptive term for 1-3

Answer 74

1. Sessile 2. Annular 3. Fungating

Question 75

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common it

Answer 75

sheets- common in round cell tumors (lymphoma, plasmocytoma, histioctyoma, MCT)

Question 76

What growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common it

Answer 76

packets- common in neuroendocrine tumors (phreochromoctyoma, chemodectoma, islet cell tumor)

Question 77

What type of tumor is this?

Answer 77

lymphoma

Question 78

What type of tumor is this?

Answer 78

chemodectoma

Question 79

What growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

Answer 79

nests- common in invasive carcinomas

Question 80

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in

Answer 80

cords common in epithelial tumors

Question 81

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

Answer 81

Lobules common in some epithelial tumors

Question 82

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

Answer 82

Acinar- common in glandular epithelial tumors

Question 83

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in

Answer 83

tubules- common in glandular epithelial tumors

Question 84

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it common in

Answer 84

cystic common in glandular tumors

Question 85

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumors is it common in

Answer 85

Whorls- common in mesenchymal CT tumors

Question 86

What type of growth pattern is this and what type of tumor is it commonly found in

Answer 86

Papillary found in glandular tumors

Question 87

What type of growth pattern is this and what tumor is it commonly found in

Answer 87

bundles found in mesenchymal tumors