Respiratory Pathology Lecture 2

Question 1

What are two viral infectious causes of rhinitis in horses

Answer 1

1. Equine influenza
2. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4

Question 2

What are some mild signs of equine influenza

Answer 2

Serous nasal discharge, fever, and conjunctivitis

Question 3

What industry is equine influenza especially a concern in

Answer 3

Race industry- respiratory distress

Question 4

How does equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 affect foals

Answer 4

Mild respiratory disease

Question 5

How does equine viral rhinopneumonitis/ equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 affect mares

Answer 5

Myeloencephalopathy and abortions

Question 6

Herpes virus can remain latent in ___, become reactive during time of __ and ___ and undergo ___ transmission to susceptible host

Answer 6

Trigeminal ganglia, stress, immunocompromised, Aerogenous

Question 7

What is the guttural pouch

Answer 7

Large air filled diverticula on the ventral portion of the Eustachian tubes in horses

Question 8

What are some important structures in the guttural pouch

Answer 8

Internal and external carotid arteries, maxillary artery. CN VII, IX, X, XI, and XII
Atlanto-occipital joint

Question 9

Strangles/ Streptococcus equi affects what age group

Answer 9

Young horses

Question 10

What is the pathogenesis of strangles/ Streptococcus equi

Answer 10

1. Aerogenous infection of nasopharyngeal mucosa
2. Lymphatic vessels
3. Mandibular and retropharyngeal LN
4. Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitis
5. Clinical signs: cough, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, swollen lymph nodes

Question 11

Young Horse presents with suppurative rhinitis and swollen lymph nodes. What is your concern

Answer 11

strangles

Question 12

What are some sequela of strangles

Answer 12

1. Bastard strangles
2. Bronchopneumonia
3. Laryngeal hemiplagia
4. Dysphasia
5. Facial paralysis
6. Horners syndrome
7. Purpura hemorrhagica
8. Guttural pouch empyema +/- chondroids

Question 13

What is bastard strangles and how does it spread

Answer 13

Hematogenous spread
Abscess formation in organs throughout the body
Often fatal-systemic spread

Question 14

What nerve compression and atrophies can result from strangles

Answer 14

1. Recurrent laryngeal nerve—> laryngeal hemiplegia
2. Vagus and glossopharyngeal—> dysphagia
3. SNS nerves—> facial paralysis and horners

Question 15

What does horners syndrome look like

Answer 15

Miosis, partial ptosis, and elevated third eyelid

Question 16

What is purpura hemorrhagica

Answer 16

Streptococcus equi antigen-antibody complexes form in the small vessels in skin and mucosa causing vasculitis

Question 17

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is purpura hemorrhagica

Answer 17

Type III

Question 18

what is wrong and what can be the cause

Answer 18

Guttural pouch pus- empyema
Caused by strangles

Question 19

What wrong here and what is a potential cause

Answer 19

empyema with chondroids
Cause: strangles

Question 20

What is wrong here and what is causative agent

Answer 20

guttural pouch mycosis
Cause: aspergillus fumigatus

Question 21

How can you grossly tell difference between guttural pouch mycosis and guttural pouch empyema

Answer 21

Mycosis appears more necrotizing and hemorrhagic, whereas empyema is more yellow pus

Question 22

What are some possible sequela to guttural pouch mycosis

Answer 22

1. Epistaxis
2. Thrombosis of a carotid artery—> cerebral infarcts
3. CN deficits

Question 23

What is wrong here

Answer 23

mycosis with hemorrhage

Question 24

Where do nasopharyngeal polyps form

Answer 24

Middle ear to Eustachian tube and nasopharynx or external ear canal

Question 25

What is a nasopharyngeal polyp composed of

Answer 25

Mildly inflamed fibrovascular stroma covered by squamous or pseudostratified epithelium

Question 26

What species are nasopharyngeal polyps common in

Answer 26

Most common in cats, also seen in horses

Question 27

Nasopharyngeal polyps are associated with what 3 problems

Answer 27

1. Chronic rhinitis 2. Sinusitis 3. Otitis media

Question 28

what is wrong

Answer 28

Nasopharyngeal polyp

Question 29

What non-neoplastic space occupying mass do horses get in the nasal cavity

Answer 29

Ethmoid hematomas

Question 30

How do horses with ethmoid hematomas present

Answer 30

Unilateral epistaxis

Question 31

What is wrong

Answer 31

Ethmoid hematoma

Question 32

What species are nasal neoplastic masses common in

Answer 32

Dogs>>>cats> horses

Question 33

What is the most common cell type for nasal neoplastic masses

Answer 33

Epithelial>>>mesenchymal>>round

Question 34

What is the most common nasal tumor of dogs

Answer 34

Adenocarcinomas

Question 35

What is the most common nasal tumor of horses

Answer 35

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 36

Histo of nasal tumor, what kind is it and what species is it most common in

Answer 36

adenocarcinoma Most common in dogs

Question 37

Histo of nasal tumor, what kind is it and what species is it most common in

Answer 37

Squamous cell carcinoma Most common in horses

Question 38

What nasal tumor do sheep and goats commonly get

Answer 38

Enzootic nasal carcinoma

Question 39

What is the cause of enzootic nasal carcinoma

Answer 39

Enzootic nasal tumor virus 1 and 2

Question 40

Where do enzootic nasal tumors typically arise from

Answer 40

Ethmoid conchae

Question 41

necropsy of sheep shows this what is a top differential

Answer 41

Enzootic nasal carcinoma in ethmoid conchae caused by ENTV 1 and 2

Question 42

Histo of goat nasal tumor, what is most likely cause

Answer 42

Enzootic nasal carcinoma caused by ENTV 1 and 2

Question 43

What is the origin of sarcomas

Answer 43

Mesenchymal neoplasms

Question 44

What type of nasal tumor is this

Answer 44

fibrosarcoma

Question 45

what type of nasal tumor is this

Answer 45

Osteosarcoma

Question 46

What type of nasal tumor is this

Answer 46

chondrosarcoma

Question 47

What is the most common nasal tumor of cats

Answer 47

Nasal lymphoma

Question 48

Histo of nasal tumor- what kind of tumor is this and what species is it the most common nasal tumor in

Answer 48

nasal lymphoma Most common nasal tumor in cats

Question 49

Calf diphtheria is a disease of the ___

Answer 49

Larynx

Question 50

What causes calf diphtheria

Answer 50

1st: disruption /compromise in laryngeal mucosa that can be d/t IBR, trauma, or excessive vocalization (separation anxiety) 2nd: secondary infection caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 51

In calf diphtheria pieces of the exudate can be aspirated into the lung and cause __

Answer 51

Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia

Question 52

What are some sequela of calf diphtheria

Answer 52

Death from toxemia/ bacteriemia, asphyxiation, bronchopneumonia

Question 53

Describe the lesion, what is the likely disease and cause of that disease

Answer 53

Lesion: fibrinonecrotizing laryngitis Disease: calf diphtheria Cause: secondary infection caused by fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 54

What is laryngeal hemiplegia

Answer 54

Unilateral, typically left sided atrophy of the cricoarytenoid dorsal is muscle due to neuropathy of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 55

What dog breeds is this typically common in

Answer 55

Older, large breed dogs

Question 56

Horse presents with “roaring” what is likely cause

Answer 56

Laryngeal hemiplegia

Question 57

Laryngeal hemiplegia in horses is potentially a sequela of what major disease

Answer 57

Strangles

Question 58

What is wrong here

Answer 58

laryngeal hemiplegia

Question 59

What dogs does tracheal collapse typically occur in

Answer 59

Middle aged, small breed dogs

Question 60

What is the cause of tracheal collapse

Answer 60

Progressive weakening/ degeneration of tracheal cartilage

Question 61

What is the clinical presentation of tracheal collapse

Answer 61

Dry cough, goose honking cough, exercise intolerance , respiratory distress

Question 62

What parasitic disease can be found at the tracheal bifurcation in dogs

Answer 62

Oslerus olseri

Question 63

Oslerus osleri causes ___ in dogs

Answer 63

Parasitic tracheobronchitis

Question 64

What age group is typically affected by Oslerus osleri

Answer 64

Young dogs

Question 65

dog trachea: What is wrong here

Answer 65

Oslerus osleri- parasitic disease at tracheal bifurcation- can cause parasitic tracheobronchitis

Question 66

dog trachea: What is wrong here

Answer 66

Tracheal granulomas containing Oslerus olseri nematodes

Question 67

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes

Answer 67

hydrothorax 4 causes of edema: 1. Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure 2. Decreased vascular oncotic pressure 3. Decreased lymphatic drainage 4. Increased vascular permeability

Question 68

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes- indicate most common cause

Answer 68

chylothorax Caused by rupture of major lymphatic vessels 1. Idiopathic- most common 2. Thoracic neoplasia 3. Trauma

Question 69

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes

Answer 69

Hemothorax Causes: 1. Rupture/erosion of major vessels 2. Coagulopathy- rodenticide, DIC, thrombocytopenia

Question 70

What type of thoracic effusion is this and what are some causes

Answer 70

pythorax 1. Bacterial infection 2. Pneumonia/ pleurpneumonia 3. Trauma- bite wound 4. Migrating FB- grass awn

Question 71

Dog was eating lots of grass and then presents with this thoracic effusion: What type of effusion os this and what is the cause

Answer 71

pyothorax- mixture of blood and pyogranulomatous exudate Cause: migrating FB- grass awn—> brings in Nocardia or Actinomyces—> pyogranulomatous pleuritis

Question 72

What bacteria are typically associated with grass awn caused pyothorax

Answer 72

Nocardia and Actinomyces

Question 73

Cat presents with these lesions and thoracic effusion: what type of effusion is this and what is likely cause

Answer 73

pyothorax Likely FIP- fibrinous pyogranulomatous pleuritis and phlebitis

Question 74

FIP results in the accumulation of thick ___ thoracic effusion

Answer 74

Proteinaceous

Question 75

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is FIP with pyothorax

Answer 75

Wet type- type III

Question 76

What is this

Answer 76

pleural mesothelioma

Question 77

Horse presents with yellow, opaque nasal discharge as well as swollen LN that rupture and release thick opaque exudate. What are two morphological diagnosis’s based on images

Answer 77

Suppurative rhinitis and lymphadentitis

Question 78

What are 3 possible differentials for this lesion

Answer 78

1. Guttural pouch mycosis 2. Nasal neoplasia 3. Rupture ethmoid hematoma