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Pathology I > Reproductive Pathology Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Reproductive Pathology Lecture 1 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 3 stages of sexual development

A
  1. Chromosomal sex
  2. Gonadal sex
  3. Phenotypic sex
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2
Q

You chromosomal sex determines ___

A

Male vs female

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3
Q

Your gonadal sex determines ____

A

Ovaries vs testes

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4
Q

You phenotypic sex determines ___

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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5
Q

What gene determines if you form testes

A

SRY

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6
Q

What signal forms the wollfian ducts

A

Androgens

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7
Q

What hormone gets rid of Müllerian ducts in males

A

Anti-mullerian hormone

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8
Q

What is XXY (Klinefelter syndrome)

A

Phenotypic males sterile due to failure of spermatogenesis

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9
Q

What is X (turner syndrome)

A

Phenotypic females and some with small stature

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10
Q

What is XXX

A

Phenotypic females, most present with abnormal estrous cycles or an estrus

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11
Q

What is the most common chromosomal abnormality in animals

A

Chimerism/mosaicism

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12
Q

What is a chimera

A

Single organism composed of cells with 2 or more distinct genotypes. Individuals are derived from multiple zygotes

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13
Q

What is an example of chimerism

A

Freemartinism

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14
Q

What is a mosaic

A

Single organism composed of cells with 2 or more distinct genotypes- individuals derived from a single zygote

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15
Q

How does freemartisim occur

A

Cow is pregnant with male and female twin with shared placental vascular anastomosis so female twin is exposed to androgens (testosterone) and Anti-Mullerian hormone

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16
Q

Based on how freemartism spreads/ occurs in female twin it is considered a ___chimera

A

Hematopoietic

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17
Q

T or F: a freemartin female is fertile

A

False

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18
Q

T or F: freemartin female twin is genetically female XX

A

True

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19
Q

How does the female genitalia of a freemartin female appear

A

Hypoplastic ovaries, rudimentary uterus, Hypoplastic vagina, vestibule, vulva, enlarged clitoris

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20
Q

What are some masculinized genitalia that can be see with a freemartin female

A

Masculinized gonads, seminal vesicles, large tufts of vulvar hair

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21
Q

Where is the gene for orange fur and black fur located for calico and tortoiseshell cats

A

X chromosome as different alleles

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22
Q

What are the chromosomal types for male calico or tortoiseshell cats

A

XY/XX chimeras, XY/XXY mosaics or XXY

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23
Q

T or F: male calicos or tortoiseshell cats often infertile

A

True

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24
Q

What is a pseudohermaphrodite

A

Only have one type of gonad (ovaries or testes) with some accessory sex organs of opposite sex

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25
What is a true hermaphrodite
Tissue from both types of gonads and often ambiguous secondary sex characteristics
26
What is the chromosomal sex of a male pseudohermaphrodites
XY
27
Are male pseudohermaphrodites SRY positive or negative
Positive
28
What is the most common intersexuality condition
Male pseudohermaphrodites
29
What genitalia do male pseudohermaphrodites have
Testies with female phenotype- well developed uterus, cervix and vagina
30
Male pseudohermaphrodites usually lack ___receptors or low ___production
Androgen, androgen
31
What is the chromosomal sex for female pseudohermaphrodites
XX
32
Are female pseudohermaphrodites SRY positive or negative
Negative
33
What genitalia for female pseudohermaphoridtes have
Ovaries and male phenotype- internal and external genitalia appear masculine
34
Why does female pseudohermaphrodism occur
In utero exposure to androgens
35
What are the 3 different combinations of gonadal tissue present in true hermaphrodites
1. One side ovotesties and other side normal ovary or testicle 2. Both gonads ovotestes 3. Ovary on one side and testicle on the other
36
The amount of ___tissue will determine how masculine or feminine the external genitalia will appear
Testicular tissue
37
True hermaphrodites often present with __external genitalia
Ambiguous
38
Cows and camels have ___canals per teat
2
39
ewes, and goats have ___canal per teat
1
40
Sows and mares have __ducts per teat
2-3
41
What is the most important mammary function
Passing immunoglobulins to their offspring in colostrum/ milk
42
What can cause asymmetric or uneven udder
Previous trauma or mastitis
43
What type of udders and in who is bruising and lacerations common in
Eww and goats with large pendulous udders
44
What factor contributing to mastitis can vets control the best
Environmental factors
45
Majority of mastitis cases are ___
Subclinical
46
What pathogens cause mastitis and spread during milking
1. S. Aureus 2. S. Agalactiae
47
What pathogens are environmental pathogens that cause mastitis
E. Coli
48
What pathogen can exist as environmental or contagious mastitis
S. Dysgalactiae
49
What are the 3 groups of pathogenic organisms for mastitis
1. Gram negative pathogens 2. Gram positive pathogens that cause severe acute mastitis 3. Gram positive pathogens that cause chronic suppurative mastitis
50
Different organisms causing mastitis can look very similar so the best thing to do to differentiate is ___
Culture
51
What is the most important gram negative bacteria that can cause mastitis
E. Coli
52
Gram negative bacteria release ___
Endotoxins
53
What are some local effects of E. Coli (gram -) mastitis
Necrosis and vasculitis
54
What are some systemic effects of E. Coli (gram-) mastitis
Hypocalcemia, endotoxemia
55
What is the gross appearance of E. Coli (gram-) mastitis
Edema, hemorrhage, hyperemia, dry, friable, necrotic tissue
56
What is the most common necrotizing gram positive bacteria to cause severe acute mastitis
S. Aureus
57
Which pathogen that causes mastitis can cause glandular necrosis within minutes to hours
S. Aureus
58
What type of response occurs in chronic mastitis
Neutrophilic response
59
What cows typically get chronic suppurative mastitis
Cows in dry period
60
What bacteria commonly causes chronic suppurative mastitis
T. Pyogenes
61
What type of mastitis is this and what is likely cause
chronic suppurative mastitis, T. Pyogenes (gram +)
62
What does granulmatous mastitis often occur with
Contaminated drug used for treatment or prevention
63
What pathogen commonly causes granulomatous mastitis
Nocardia asteroids
64
What are some local affects of granulomatous mastitis
Acute abscesses, pyogranulomas, chronic granulomas
65
What type of mastitis is this
Granulomatous mastitis
66
What bacteria can cause mastitis in goats and sheep
1. M. Haemolytica 2. S. Aureus 3. Mycoplasma
67
What bacteria that cause mastitis in goats and sheep can cause unexpected death with acute necrotizing and gangrenous mastitis
M. Haemolytica and S. Aureus
68
What viruses can cause mastitis in sheep and goats
1. Sheep- ovine progressive pneumonia (retrovirus) 2. Goats- Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
69
Mastitis in goats is called ___
Hard udder
70
Mastitis in sheep is called ___
Hard bag
71
Describe the findings associated with hard udder/ hard bag
Chronic mastitis with fibrotic scar tissue or interstitial retroviral mastitis
72
What type of mastitis appears blue and cold
Blue bag mastitis
73
What causes blue bag mastitis
Severe mastitis with impairment of blood supply
74
Blue bag mastitis is a type of ___mastitis
Gangrenous
75
What causes contagious echythma
Ovine parapoxvirus
76
What is contagious ecthyma also called
Sore mouth/ scabby mouth
77
Contagious ecthyma most commonly results following ___
Trauma of coronary band and lips/gums
78
What is the gross appearance of contagious ecthyma
Papules that progress to blisters or pustules before encrusting
79
What is this and what is cause of lesions
Cause: ovine parapoxvirus Contagious ecthyma
80
Describe the cycle of being infected with contagious ecthyma
Infected kids have lesions on gums and lipids and then when nursing cause lesions on udders that can cause mastitis
81
T or F: contagious ecthyma is zoonotic
True- Orf
82
When do dogs typically get mastitis
Lactating post partum bitches or pseudo pregnancy
83
What is an important negative affect of dogs with mastitis
Dams may neglect the neonates
84
What is the most common mammary neoplasm
Epithelial tumors- adenoma, carcinoma
85
What species commonly get mammary neoplasms
Dogs and cats
86
Mammary gland tumors are the most common neoplasm in ___
Intact female dogs
87
Approximately __% of mammary tumors are malignant but __% behave benign
50%, 80%
88
What age do mammary gland tumors occur in dogs
10-11yrs
89
What breeds are predisposed to mammary gland tumors
Toy and miniature poodles, spaniels, German shepherds
90
Mammary gland tumors in dogs are associated with exposure to ___ and __
Estrogen and progesterone
91
The incidence of mammary gland tumors in dogs is lowest if they are spayed before ___
1st estrus cycle
92
In cats __% of mammary gland tumors are malignant
85%
93
T or F: mammary gland tumors of cats often metastasize
True
94
What are some common sites of mammary gland tumor metastasis in cats
Regional LN, lungs and other mammary glands
95
What cat breed is predisposed to mammary gland tumors
Siamese
96
T or F: early OVH in cats is just as preventative as early OVH in dogs
False
97
What is the survival time post dx with mammary gland tumor in cats
<1yr
98
What type of disease is feline fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
Pseudoneoplastic disease
99
What cats typically get feline fribroadenomatous hyperplasia
Young intact females <2yrs
100
Feline fibroadenomatous hyperplasia is associates with high levels of ___
Progesterone (often synthetic)
101
What is tx for feline fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
OVH or spontaneous resolution

Pathology I (23 decks)

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