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Pathology I > Lecture 4: Neuropathology: inherited, congenital, and degenerative diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Neuropathology: inherited, congenital, and degenerative diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are some potential causes of congenital malformations

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Toxins
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2
Q

What are some viruses that cause congenital malformations

A
  1. Orthobunya viruses
  2. Orbiviruses- bluetongue
  3. Pestiviruses- BVD, border disease
  4. Parvoviruses
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3
Q

Parvoviruses cause ___malformations

A

Cerebellar

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4
Q

What is anencephaly

A

Brain largely absent at birth

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5
Q

What happens to fetus of sheep infected with blue tongue at 50 days

A

Severe hydrancephaly

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6
Q

What happens to fetus of sheep infected with blue tongue at 75 days

A

Scattered proencephalic cysts

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7
Q

What happens to fetus of sheep infected with bluetongue at 100 days

A

No gross lesions

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8
Q

What this and potential cause

A

hydrancephaly
Cause: blue tongue virus

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9
Q

What happens in hydrancephaly

A

Cerebrum and cerebellum are replaced by thin-walled, fluid filled cysts

Only brainstem preserved

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10
Q

What causes this

A

Ingestion of Veratrum californium by pregnant eyes during 14th day of gestation

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11
Q

What is the most common mechanism of hydrocephalus

A

Obstructive- fluid accumulates in front of obstruction or resorbed back into venous circulation

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12
Q

What is the most common site of obstructive hydrocephalus and due to what

A

Stenosis or inflammation leading to obstructive hydrocephalus at mesencephalic aqueduct

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13
Q

What wrong

A

Left: bilateral hydrocephalus
Right: asymmetrical hydrocephalus

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14
Q

Who is affected with congenital hydrocephalus

A

Toy breed dogs (chihuahuas)

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15
Q

What causes the congenital hydrocephalus

A

Fusion of rostral colliculi resulting in obstruction of aqueduct

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16
Q

What are the consequences of hydrocephalus

A

Dilation of ventricles from increased CSF pressure and gradually causes compression atrophy off surrounding neural parenchyma

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17
Q

Describe these lesions and what caused them

A

Ventricular dilation before skull bones ossify leading to enlargement of cranium with open fontanelles

Cause: hydrocephalus

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18
Q

What is porencephaly

A

Fluid filled cystic spaces that may or may not communicate with the ventricular system

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19
Q

Identify which one is hydrocephalus vs porencephaly

A

Left: hydrocephalus
Right: porencephaly

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20
Q

What is a meningocele

A

Defect in calvarium that allows outpocuhing of meninges
Brain unaffected

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21
Q

What is a meningoencephalocele

A

Ddefect in calvarium that allows out poaching of both brain and meninges

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22
Q

What this

A

meningocele

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23
Q

What is lissencephaly

A

Failure of gyro and Sulli to develop resulting in smooth cerebral surface

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24
Q

What causes lissencephaly

A

Arrest of normal migration of neurons during development

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25
What species is lissencephaly normal in
Rodents, birds, reptiles and some primates
26
What this
lissencephaly
27
What are some clinical signs of cerebellar malformations
Base-wide stance, spastic hypermetric gait, loss of balance/ataxia
28
What is the timing for cerebellar malformations
Most active period of proliferation of external germinal layer of the cerebellum is shortly after birth through 2 weeks postnatal
29
What is the most common cause of cerebellar malformations
Viral induced necrosis of external granular cell layer—> cells do not migrate to internal granular cell layer- cerebellar hypoplasia
30
What viral families are typically involved in cerebellar malformations
1. Parvoviruses- canine parvovirus and feline panluekopenia virus 2. Pestiviruses- border virus and BVD
31
What wrong
cerebellar hypoplasia
32
What is neuronal abiotrophy
Premature accelerated degeneration of fully formed neurons
33
What is the best described neuronal abiotrophy
Cerebellar cortical abiotropgy
34
What are some clinical signs of cerebellar cortical abiotrophy
Cerebellar ataxia, head tremor, symmetric hypermetria, spasticity, broad-based stance, loss of balance
35
What is the age of onset of cerebellar cortical abiotrophy
Normal at birth, clinical signs show up around 4-16 weeks
36
What are the microscopic lesions associated with cerebellar abiotrophy
Marked Purkinje cell necrosis, dengeration and loss
37
Which normal vs abnormal and what is wrong
Left: Normal Right: cerebellar abiotrophy- loss of Purkinje cells
38
What horse breed is predisposed to cerebellar abiotrophy
Arabians
39
What is dysraphism
Developmental anomaly involving failure of fusion of the neural tube
40
What is the most common form of dysraphism
Spina bifida
41
What is spina bifida
Fusion defect limited to the spine, most commonly lumbo-sacral region
42
What is the mild form of spina bifida
Small opening in the vertebral column—spina bifida occulta
43
What is the intermediate form of spina bifida
Meninges go out opening—meningocele
44
What is the severe form of spina bifida
Meninges and spinal cord go out- myelomenigocele
45
What wrong
spina bifida
46
What cat breed has high incidence of spina bifida
Manx cats
47
What is syringomyelia
Results in development of fluid containing cavities within the parenchyma of spinal cord as a consequence of abnormal CSF movement through foramen magnum
48
What does this show
syringomyelia
49
What wrong
syringomyelia
50
The pathogenesis of syringomyelia involves ___
Occipital dysplasia
51
What is occipital dysplasia also called
Chiari-like malformation
52
How does occipital dysplasia cause syringomyelia
Cerebellum at foramen magnum results in crowding and creates turbulent flow in CSF which can result in accumulation of free fluid within the spinal cord
53
What’s wrong and what is the result
chiari-like malformation/ occipital dysplasia Can cause syringomyelia
54
What breed is poster child for syringomyelia
KCCS
55
___% of KCCS have chiari-like malformation and ___% of ___as a result
95-99%, 70% have syringomyelia
56
What are some clinical signs of syringomyelia
Phantom scratching, cervical pain, rubbing face, neck and ears
57
What is demyelination
Loss of normal myelin around axons
58
What is dysmyelination
Formation of abnormal myelin during development
59
What is hypomyelination
Partial or complete lack of myelin development
60
Dysmyelination and hypomyelination are known as ___
Leukodystrophies
61
What are the microscopic lesions associated with degenerative myelopathy
White matter degeneration in caudal thoracic and lumbar spinal cord- demyelination
62
What breeds commonly get degenerative myelopathy
GSD and corgis
63
What are some clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy
Progressive ataxia and paresis and ultimately paralysis of pelvic limbs
64
What this and what caused
Meningeal fibrosis- opacity most apparent over Sulci Age related lesion
65
What is dural osseous metaplasia
Islands of mature bone within the meninges of spinal cord and sometimes bone marrow
66
What breeds likely get dural osseous metplasia
Large breeds- GSD
67
T or F: dural osseous metaplasia is an incidental finding that typically doesn’t;’t cause clinical signs
True
68
What wrong and what caused
dural osseous metaplasia Age related lesion
69
What is equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma and where is it
aggregates of cholesterol typically found in ventricles and meninges
70
Horse: What this and what cause
Equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma Age related lesion
71
T or F: equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma is a neoplasm
False
72
Equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma are typically incidental but when large can cause ___
Depression due to compression/ atrophy

Pathology I (23 decks)

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