Reproductive Pathology Lecture 2 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
What hormones are important in formation of follicles and corpus luteum
A
FSH and LH
2
Q
What hormone starts increasing during proestrus and spikes during ovulation
A
Estrogen
3
Q
When estrogen is increase, progesterone is ___
A
Decreased (and vice versa)
4
Q
When does progesterone increase
A
During estrus and diestrus
5
Q
What cells are follicles composed of
A
Granulosa and theca cells
6
Q
What do granulosa cells secrete
A
Estrogen and inhibin
7
Q
What do theca interna cells secrete
A
Androgens
8
Q
What follows the post ovulation follicle
A
Corpus hemorrhagicm—> Corpus luteum
9
Q
What hormone is responsible for maintaining corpus luteum and pregnancy
A
Progesterone
10
Q
Histo from ovary, label 1-4
A
- Granulosa cells
- Theca interna
- Blood vessels
- Stroma
11
Q
Paraovarian cysts are remnants of __ and ___
A
Wolffian and Müllerian ducts
12
Q
Paraovarian cysts are common in what species
A
Cats and dogs
13
Q
Hydatid or morgagni- fimbrial cyst is common in what species
A
Mares
14
Q
Horse ovary- what is wrong- broad and specific type
A
broad: paraovarian cyst
Mare specific: hydatid or morgangi cyst
15
Q
Rete ovarii is common in what species
A
Cats and dogs
16
Q
What is the issue with rete ovarii cysts
A
Compress cortex—> atrophy
17
Q
What species commonly gets epithelial inclusion cysts
A
Mares
18
Q
Where do the epithelial inclusion cysts occur
A
Around ovulation fossa
19
Q
What is problem with epithelial inclusion cysts
A
Obstruction ovulation—> infertility
20
Q
What species commonly get cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicles
A
Cows and sows
21
Q
What causes cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicles
A
Arise because of failure of ovulation—> inhibit ovulation
22
Q
Ovary from a dog- what is likely dx
A
Cystic rete ovarii
23
Q
Ovary from horse- what is likely dx
A
epithelial inclusion cyst
24
Q
Ovary from cow- what is likely dx
A
cystic ovarian (Graafian) follicular cyst
25
T or F: most ovarian germ cell neoplasms are benign
True
26
What is a dysgerminoma
Undifferentiated primitive germ cells
27
What is a teratoma
Totipotent primordial germ cells that have at least 2 of 3 embryonic germ layers
28
What type of neoplasms is this
teratoma
29
What cells predominate in sex cord stromal tumors
Granulosa cells
30
What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in cows and mares
Granulosa cell tumor
31
T or F: ovarian granulosa cell tumors in cows and mares are typically benign
True
32
T or F: Ovarian granulosa cell tumors in cats and dogs are often or sometimes malignant
True
33
Ovarian granulosa cell tumors are often hormonally active and produce ___
Estrogens, testosterone, inhibin and/or AMH
34
What symptoms are seen in mares with granulosa cell tumors
1. Nymphomania
2. Stallion like behavior
3. Anestrus
35
What is the gross appearance of granulosa cell tumors
Large, smooth, round to lobulated
36
Horse ovary- what type of tumor is this. Owner reports mare has been mounting other mares
Granulosa cell tumor
37
Ovarian Epithelial tumors are common in what species
Dogs
38
What is the gross appearance of epithelial tumors of ovaries
Large, multinodular, cystic or shaggy appearance
39
Papillary ovarian epithelial tumors predominates as ___ or ___
Papillary adenoma or adenocarcinoma
40
Cystic ovarian epithelial tumors predominate as ___ or ___
Cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas
41
What are some important sequela of ovarian epithelial tumors
1. Local extension and seeding (carcinomatosis)
2. Ascites
42
Dog ovary- what type of tumor is this
Cystic epithelial tumor
43
Dog ovary- what type of tumor is this
Papillary epithelial tumor
44
Adhesions between ovidct and ovary are common in ___
Beef heifers
45
What is cause of adhesion formation between oviduct and ovary
1. Physical trauma from rectal palpation
2. Ascending infection
46
Adhesion formation between oviduct and ovary result in __
Obstruction
47
Ovarian remnant syndrome is a complication of ___
OVH
48
T or F: retained piece of ovarian remnant tissue post OVH is functional
True
49
What are some signs of ovarian remnant syndrome
Recurrent estrus, vulvar swelling, nymphomania
50
What is salpingitis
Inflammation of uterine tube
51
What is cause of salpingitis
Bacteria, often related to ascending infection
52
What is pyosalpinx
Obstruction and dilation with suppurative inflammation of uterine tube
53
What is hydrosalpinx
Fluid filled uterine tube
54
What is cause of hydrosalpinx
1. Obstruction
2. Congenital or acquired- segmental aplasia, trauma
55
Histo of uterus- label 1-3
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Serosa
56
Which Histo shows estrus vs diestrus and how do you know
Left: estrus- squamous cells with little nuclei
Right: diestrus- plump nuclei with some neutrophils
57
T or F: there are normal resident micro flora of uterus
False
58
What are the anatomical/ physical barriers of uterus that protect it from infection
1. Cervix
2. Conformation of vulva and vagina
59
When is cervix open
Estrus, parturition, post partum involuation
60
Infection is more likely if vulva is ___ than pelvic canal floor
Higher
61
How/what secretions help uterus be resistant to infection
Mucus, lochia- vaginal discharge after birth push contents out and prevent infection
62
What antibodies are produced in uterus to help prevent infection
IgA and IgG
63
Normal uterine leukocytosis of __helps uterus be resistant to infection
Estrus
64
What are the 3 uterus portals of entry and which is most common
1. Ascending infection through cervix (most common)
2. Hematogenous
3. Descending from ovary via uterine tube
65
What is endometritis
Inflammation limited to endometrium
66
What is metritis
Inflammation of all layers of uterine wall
67
What is pyometra
Acute or chronic purulent infection of the uterus in which pus accumulates in the uterine cavity
68
What is the pathogenesis of pyometra
1. Persistent corpus luteum
2. High progesterone (diestrus)
3. Increased endometrial gland activity/ cystic endometrial hyperplasia
4. Closed cervix
5. Colonization of uterus by bacteria
6. Inflammation
69
What is the most common bacteria to cause pyometra
E. Coli
70
Based on the color of fluid from this pyometra what caused this
E. Coli
71
What are some clinical signs of pyometra
Septicemia, endotoxemia, fever, depression, anorexia, vomiting, PU/PD, vaginal discharge
72
What are some predisposing factors for bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra
1. Abnormal parturition- abortion, retained placenta, dystocia
2. Nutritional issues
3. Contaminated calving environment
73
What is pathogensis of bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra
1. Abnormal parturition
2. Uterine involution slowed
3. Patent lumen filled with lochia and bacteria gain entrance and thrive
4. Infection and inflammation
74
What are some common bacteria retained in fetal membranes that can cause bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra
1. T. Pyogenes
2. Fusobacterium necrophorum
3. E. Coli
75
What are some possible sequela to bovine postpartum metritis/ pyometra
1. corpus luteum retained
2. Septicemia
3. Uterine vein thrombosis and embolism
76
What is cause of bovine postcoital pyometra
Tritrichomas foetus
77
bulls serve as carriers for bovine postcoital pyometra therefore one infected animal = __infection
Herd infection
78
T or F: tritrichomonas foetus Protozoa can survive in frozen semen
True
79
Endometritis in mares occur d/t contamination during ___ and ___
Parturition and coitus
80
Post coital endometritis in mares usually resolves in __-__hrs
48-72hrs
81
What bacteria is an important cause of endometritis in mares
Streptococcus zooepidemicus
82
How do you grade endometritis in mares and why do you grade
Endometrial biopsies
Grade to assess fertility
83
What is category 1 endometritis in mares
Normal endometrium
84
What is category 2 endometritis in mares
Inflammation or fibrosis
85
What is category 3 endometritis in mares
Widespread pathology that will drastically reduced fertility
86
What is segmental aplasia on one uterine horn
Uterus unicornis
87
What wrong here
segmental aplasia of one uterine horn- uterus unicornis
88
What is hydrometra/ mucometra
Mucus or clear fluid in uterus
89
What are some problems associate with hydrometra/ mucometra
Obstruction of outflow
90
Endometrial polyps are common in what species
Dogs and cats
91
Endometrial polyps often occur with ___
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
92
What causes uterine torsion
Uterus is weighed down either d/t fetus or pyometra/ mucometra
93
What species is uterine torsion common in
Cows
94
Uterine torsion leads to ___compromise and ___
Circulatory, venous infarctions
95
What wrong
Uterine torsion
96
Uterine prolapse is most commonly seen in what species
Cows, ewe, sows
97
Uterine prolapse usually occurs within __hrs post partum
15hrs
98
What are some predisposing factors to uterine prolapse
1. Prolonged dystocia
2. Hypocalcemia
3. Ingestion of estrogenic plants
99
What is a sequela of uterine prolapse
Future reproductive failure
100
T or F: adenocarcinomas are usually incidental in cows
True
101
T or F: leiomyomas are benign
True
102
What species commonly gets leiomyoma
Dogs
103
Dog uterus, what is likely tumor dx
leiomyoma
104
What is a common metastatic tumor of bovines that can spread to uterus as well as heart, lymph nodes and abomasum
Lymphoma
105
What is cause of lymphoma in cows
Bovine leukemia virus
106
Cow uterus, masses were also noted in heart, LN,. And abomasum. What is likely dx
lymphoma
107
What is the cause of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in cows
BHV-1
108
How is BHV-1 transmitted
Sexual intercourse or close contact
109
What is the gross appearance of vulva in cow infected with BHV-1 causing infectious pustular vulvovangitis
1. Reddened vulva
2. Vesicles and pustules
3. Ulceration
110
T or F: infectious pustular vulvovaginitis caused by BHV-1 has no effects on fertility
False- transient infertility
111
T or F: BVH-1 causing infectious pustular vulvovaginitis can enter a carrier state
True
112
Cow vulva after breeding with bull- what is likely cause
BHV-1 causing infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
113
What is the cause of coital exanthema
EHV-3
114
How is coital exanthema transmitted
Sexual intercourse
115
What is the gross appearance of coital exanthema
1. Vesicles, pustules—> ulcers around perineum and vulva
2. Healing lesions- depigmentation
3. Scars persist
116
What secondary infection is common with coital exanthema
Streptococcus
117
T or f: once mare or stallion heals form coital exanthema they stop shedding virus
True
118
Horse vulva after breeding with stallion- what is wrong and what is cause
Coital exanthema
Cause: EHV-3
119
Who is most commonly affected by myoctoxicosis
Prepubertal gilts after first estrus
120
What does mycotoxicosis cause in sexually mature sows
1. Inhibits FSH—> follicular arrest
2. Retention of CL and prolonged anestrus
3. Prevent implantation and cause early embryonic death
121
What is the cause of mycotoxicosis
Feeding moldy grains containing fusarium
122
What is the mycotoxin associated with mycotoxicosis
Zearalenone- estrogen is
123
What species typically get Transmissble venereal tumor
Canines
124
How is transmissible venereal tumor transmitted
During coitus
125
What type of cell tumor is transmissible venereal tumor
Round cell tumor
126
What is the gross appearance of transmissible venereal tumor
1. Mass in dorsal wall of vagina—> protrude through vulva
2. Friable, ulcerated
3. Pedunculated, modular, papillary or multilobulated
127
What are some cytology results for transmissible venereal tumor
1. Round cells
2. Pale-blue cytoplasm
3. Small cytoplasmic vacuoles
128
What type of tumor is this
transmissible venereal tumor
129
What is the most common Müllerian anomaly where fluid accumulates
Imperforate/ persistent hymen
130
Pseudopregnancy is associated with what hormones
Prolactin and progesterone
131
What are some clinical signs of pseudopregnancy
Mammary development, lactation, maternal behavior, endometrial hyperplasia at placental sites
132
Pseudopregnancy is common in ___at end of diestrus
Bitches
133
When does vaginal prolapse occur in dogs
During proestrus and estrus
134
When does bovine vaginal prolapse occur and what is cause
Occurs late gestation
Hereditary component
