Locomotion

Question 1

How are mammals with brachiation locomotion adapted?

Answer 1

Long arms, stout pectoral girdle, anchored clavicle, opposable digits, rotary cup joints.

Question 2

How are mammals adapted to ricocheting locomotion?

Answer 2

Bipedal, enlarged hind limps, elastic tendons, reduced forelimbs

Question 2

Which form of locomotion is most energetically efficient?

Answer 2

Flight

Question 3

Why has knuckle walking evolved?

Answer 3

Manu/pes adapted for other purposes

Question 3

Which is richocheting?

Answer 3

Bouncing off things

Question 3

What is a sifaka?

Answer 3

Large lemur

Question 4

What is saltatorial locomotion?

Answer 4

Leaping

Question 5

What is the cannon bone?

Answer 5

Fusion of 3rd and 4th metapodial

Question 5

Why is a cheetah incapable of long sustained pursuits?

Answer 5

Extreme amount of energy burnt leads to rapid physiological constraints - inability to remove heat

Question 6

What is cursorial?

Answer 6

Adapted for running

Question 7

What is ambulatory?

Answer 7

Adapted to walking

Question 8

What adaptations to senses do fossorial mammals have?

Answer 8

Vestigial vision, receptors in the snout, vibrissae (whiskers) on tail, body or legs

Question 8

What type of dentition do fossorial mammals have?

Answer 8

Teeth use as digging tool. Large incisors are external to the lips, can dig with their teeth

Question 8

What shape are bats wings?

Answer 8

Cambered (asymmetry between top and bottom surfaces)

Question 8

What type of wings do bats which fly rapidly have?

Answer 8

Long, narrow, high-aspect ratio wings

Question 9

What is fossorial locomotion?

Answer 9

Animalls with adaptations for digging

Question 11

What is plantigrade posture?

Answer 11

Palsm/sole in contact with the floor. Metatarsals, phalanges parallel to the ground

Question 12

Why do vampire bats shown jumping locomotion sometimes?

Answer 12

Liquid diet is heavy. Jumping helps them get off the ground

Question 12

How does the patagium help gliding?

Answer 12

Acts as an airfoil by being kept under tension, limb adjustment

Question 14

How is a cheetah adapted?

Answer 14

Lightweight head and body, extensible spine, long legs, tail, semi-retractable claws, efficient respiration

Question 15

What is a sifaka locomotion?

Answer 15

Largely arboreal, ricocheting terrestrial locomotion

Question 17

What adaptations does a mammal have for cursorial locomotion?

Answer 17

Longer limbs, muscles and levers in place, reduced distal mass, proximate muscle mass, extended ligaments

Question 19

What is mediportal?

Answer 19

Adapted for slow movement with some characteristics of quick when needed

Question 20

Which mammals have converged for gliding locomotion?

Answer 20

3 possum families, colugos, flying squirrels.

Question 22

Which species are adapted for knuckle walking?

Answer 22

Chimps, anteaters, pangolins, platypus

Question 23

What is unguligrade posture?

Answer 23

Elevated phalanges, walking on last part of the digit

Question 24

How are burrowing mammals adapted?

Answer 24

Short limbs, powerful musculature, spade like manus, enlarged humerus, adapted senses and dentition

Question 26

What are the 4 different types of wings?

Answer 26

Plagiopatagium, chiropatagium, uropatagium, propatagium

Question 27

How can a flying squirrel and a sugar glider be seen apart?

Answer 27

Location of testes

Question 29

What are the 3 types of posture?

Answer 29

Plantigrade. Digitigrade. Unguligrade

Question 30

How is propulsion generated?

Answer 30

Joints, muscles, ligaments and tendons act to form levers.

Question 30

What is the patagium?

Answer 30

Membrane or fold of skin between forelimbs and hindlimbs on each side

Question 31

How can a tail help locomotion?

Answer 31

Balance counterweight. Can be prehensile

Question 32

How is a bats skeleton adapted for flight?

Answer 32

Keeled sternum, stout clavicle, fused axial, elongated radial, elongated metacarpals

Question 34

What is graviportal?

Answer 34

Adapted for moving slowly due to high body weight

Question 35

How are sloths adapted to their method of locomotion?

Answer 35

Hands and feed grip, swinging momentum, reduced cervical vertebrae-head mobility.

Question 36

What is digitigrade posture?

Answer 36

Elevated metatarsals, phalanges in contact. Reduced to 4 digits

Question 37

What are the 4 requirements need to sustain locomotion?

Answer 37

Support. Propulsion. Manoeuvrability. Endurance

Question 39

How are mammals with arboreal locomotion adapted?

Answer 39

Holdfasts, grasping manus, pes, claws, pads for friction

Question 40

How do bat wings cause flight?

Answer 40

Provide lift and thrust, thin aerofoil shape

Question 41

What is subterranean locomotion?

Answer 41

Animals which live underground their entire life

Question 42

How is a kangaroo adapted for its type of locomotion?

Answer 42

Posterior centre of gravity, enlarge pelvic muscles, lengthy tendons, extended tibia, enlarged pes, muscular tail