M: PATHO LAB (INTRO) Flashcards by Makkie Gutierrez

branch of natural science which deals with diseases at biochemical,
cellular, tissue, and organ levels

Pathology

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study of cellular and tissue responses to injuries or insults

Pathology

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What does “pathos” means?

Suffering

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emphasis on animal diseases

Veterinary Pathology

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state of ill health or the opposite of health; just manifestations of cellular and tissue responses to injuries or
insults

Disease

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state of normal functioning of body structures in relation to
homeostasis

Health

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What are the 4 branches of pathology?

General
Systemic/special
Nutritional
Clinical & Diagnostic

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deals with diseases at cellular and tissue levels

General Pathology

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deals with diseases at organ system level

Systemic/ special pathology

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diseases associated with nutritional deﬁciency or excesses
- e.g., hypervitaminosis A in rabbits

Nutritional Pathology

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deals with disease evaluation thru laboratory and other diagnostic
test

Clinical and diagnostic pathology

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father of modern patho, cellular patho, and author
of doctrine on continuity of cellular life

Rudolf virchow

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father of humoral patho (body ﬂuids) and father of
human medicine

Hippocrates

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What are the 4 humors/ body fluids?

Phlegm
Blood
Yellow bile
Black bile

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contribution in pathological anatomy, compile a
textbook entitled the “seats and causes of diseases”

Giovanni Morgagni

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ﬁrst tissue pathologist for he observe the behavior of tissue on chemicals

Marie Francois Bichal

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laid procedures in necropsy

Carl Rokitansky

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roman; author the 4 cardinal signs of
inﬂammation

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

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What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

Pain
Redness
Heat
Swelling

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What is the 5th cardinal sign of inflammation and according to who?

Loss of function by Rudolf Virchow

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Author of “process of cellular eating”

Elie metchnikoff

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Father of blood circulation and physiology

William Harvey

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postulated the cell theory stated that all plants and animals are
made up of cells
FQ: who’s the zoologist and botanist?

Theodore Schwann
Matthias Schleiden

T= zoo
M= bota

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invented the ﬁrst
microscope)

Hans and Zacharias Jansen

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used microscope for observing biological specimens)

Anton Van Leuuwenhoek

Father of immunization or vaccination

Edward Jenner

post-mortem examination of human body

Autopsy

post-mortem examination of animal body

Necropsy

examination of tissue section from living sick animals or humans

Biopsy

Suspecting tumors and cancers

Biopsy

Any morphological abnormalities that are well defined and circumscribed by checking edges with definite demarcation between normal and abnormal

Lesions

Foul odor from the dead are due to:

Indole, skatole, hydrogen sulfide, putrescein, cadaverine

functional abnormalities visible to the veterinarian orphysician

Clinical sign

Subjective functional abnormality felt by patient and cannot be seen by the physician

Symptoms

Findings that are distinctive pr characteristic of a particular disease or condition that can be used to make a diagnosis

Pathognomonic

Dark kidney lesion associated with hog cholera and csf which ate candidate for viral isolation and identification What are the possible cause?

Turkey Egg Kidney Salmonella Streptococcosis Erysipelas Asf

Involuntary muscle twitching (head & legs) What is the c/s of this? What is the tx?

Chorea Distemper Vit B complex

Has involuntary movement but not related to distemper.

REM (Myoclonus)

Has involuntary movement but not related to distemper.

REM/ Myoclonus

study of theory of disease causation; any cause of disease

Etiology

4 Categories for Disease Etiology

Physical Chemical Lower forms of parasitic plants Lower forms of parasitic animal

diseases of unknown causation (e.g., sinasapian)

Idiopathic

process of disease development from the time of entry of the etiologic agent into host up to clinical manifestations of disease up to recovery or death of the patient

Pathogenesis

From the time of entry of etiologic agent to host

Incubation period

possible outcome of disease; will the animal patient recover or die?

Prognosis

3 Possible Result or Termination of Disease

Full recovery Partial recovery/ invalidism Death

inevitable with 100% case fatality rate

Rabies

4 Types of Diagnosis

Morphologic dx Etiologic dx Clinical dx Definitive dx

looking for presence of character lesion; visible morphological lesion

Morphologic dx

looking for speciﬁc cause of disease

etiologic diagnosis

looking for apparent signs and symptoms

clinical diagnosis

the naming of exact disease

deﬁnitive diagnosis

next step after diagnosis; patient care and management to combat the disease or infection

2 Treatment Protocols

administration of chemotherapeutic agents or drugs thru surgical interventions - removing tumors

refers to disease prevention and control

Prophylaxis

diseases are due to evil spirits

theory of demons

disease are punishment of god

divine wrath theory

that the position of stars, moons, earth, and sun in the universe affect animal health

metaphysical medicine or miasmatic theory

4 elements of life affect animal health and 4 humours of the body affect animal health

universe of natural law

widely acceptable theory; infectious diseases are caused by infectious agents Fq: no direct contact is necessary direct contact is necessary

Contagion Infectious Contagious

interaction coming from the agent, host, and environment.

Multifactorial Causation of Disease

Triad of Disease Fq: who postulated this? Who and what he debunked?

Agent Host Environment Evan (evan’s postulate) Koch’s Postulate

2 Groups of Predisposing Facto

Extrinsic/ environmental factors Intrinsic/ host factors

Enumerate 5 intrinsic/ internal factors of disease.

a. species b. age c. sex d. color e. heredity f. breed g. conformation

Modes of Transmission of Infectious Agents

Horizontal Vertical

Lateral transmission of agents and its examples

a. direct b. indirect c. inhalation d. ingestion

transmission of agents from mother to offspring and its example

Vertical a. congenital b. transplacental (TP) c. trans colostral (TC) d. transmammary (TM)

Portals of Entry

1. intraocular/intraconjuctival/eye 2. intranasal 3. oral/peroral 4. percutaneous/intact skin 5. venereal/sexual contact 6. inoculative

Over/apparent signs/symptoms

Clinical Disease

Covert/ inapparent/ asymptomatic

Subclinical Dss.

Maintenance of Health and Disease Prevention

1.proper management in herd or ﬂock 2. immunostimulation thru proper diet, exercise, vitamins, and mineral supplementation a. b complex and c vitamins - has immunostimulant property b. levamisole - an anthelmintic or dewormer with immunostimulant property 3. avoidance of stress factor and overcrowding 4. avoidance of contact or exposure with infectious agents 5. control of vectors and destruction of their breeding phases 6. chemotherapy

may sakit na, gagamutin ang patient

chemotherapy

nagkakaroon na ng sakit sa paligid and then inuunahan bigyan ng gamot ang animal

chemoprophylaxis

Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are highly indicated for the control of this protozoal disease

Trypanosomiasis