PATHO LEC: ME MODULE 3

Question 1

The term for the death of a cell or group of cells in contact with living tissue.

Answer 1

Necrosis

Question 2

A type of necrosis in which tissue architecture is preserved, with a firm, opaque appearance.

Answer 2

Coagulative necrosis

Question 3

A type of necrosis that occurs rapidly, resulting in tissue disintegration into a liquid mass.

Answer 3

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 4

This form of necrosis presents with a ‘cheese-like’ appearance and is associated with tuberculosis.

Answer 4

Caseous necrosis

Question 5

A distinctive form of necrosis involving adipose tissue, often in the pancreas or subcutaneous fat.

Answer 5

Fat necrosis

Question 6

A type of necrosis that results from severe ischemia and bacterial invasion, often in extremities.

Answer 6

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 7

A type of gangrene that occurs without bacterial infection, usually due to ischemia.

Answer 7

Dry gangrene

Question 8

A form of gangrene associated with bacterial infection, leading to putrefaction and swelling.

Answer 8

Wet gangrene

Question 9

A type of gangrene caused by Clostridium species, producing gas in necrotic tissues.

Answer 9

Gas gangrene

Question 10

This cellular change in necrosis involves the irreversible condensation of chromatin.

Answer 10

Pyknosis

Question 11

The fragmentation of a necrotic cell’s nucleus into smaller pieces.

Answer 11

Karyorrhexis

Question 12

The complete dissolution of chromatin in a necrotic cell.

Answer 12

Karyolysis

Question 13

This pigment accumulates in aging cells as a result of lipid peroxidation.

Answer 13

Lipofuscin

Question 14

This condition occurs when calcium salts are deposited in dead or dying tissues.

Answer 14

Dystrophic calcification

Question 15

A process where calcium is deposited in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia.

Answer 15

Metastatic calcification

Question 16

This bacterial species produces toxins that can induce coagulative necrosis.

Answer 16

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 17

A condition involving coagulation of muscle proteins, occurring only in striated muscle.

Answer 17

Zenker’s necrosis

Question 18

The necrotic process in which activated pancreatic enzymes degrade fat.

Answer 18

Enzymatic fat necrosis

Question 19

The term for necrosis caused by physical trauma in subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Answer 19

Traumatic fat necrosis

Question 20

A laboratory stain used to confirm calcium deposits in necrotic tissue.

Answer 20

Von Kossa stain

Question 21

A lesion caused by pyogenic bacteria resulting in localized liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 21

Abscess

Question 22

A microscopic feature of liquefactive necrosis, often filled with neutrophils and tissue debris.

Answer 22

Pus

Question 23

This intracellular process releases lysosomal enzymes that contribute to liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 23

Autolysis

Question 24

A diagnostic indicator where cholesterol accumulates within necrotic tissue, appearing as empty spaces.

Answer 24

Cholesterol clefts

Question 25

The type of cells responsible for removing necrotic debris through phagocytosis.

Answer 25

Macrophages and neutrophils

Question 26

The outcome of necrotic tissue when it is slowly digested and removed by immune cells.

Answer 26

Liquefaction and resorption

Question 27

A common cause of coagulative necrosis due to lack of oxygen supply.

Answer 27

Ischemia (Infarct)

Question 28

This term describes the process where dead cells leak intracellular enzymes into circulation.

Answer 28

Enzyme release in necrosis

Question 29

A clinical condition where extensive necrosis in the heart leads to decreased function.

Answer 29

Myocardial infarction

Question 30

This type of necrosis occurs in the brain due to high lipid content and low coagulable protein.

Answer 30

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 31

A medical condition associated with extensive caseous necrosis in the lungs.

Answer 31

Tuberculosis

Question 32

The primary microscopic feature of caseous necrosis.

Answer 32

Amorphous granular debris with no cell outlines

Question 33

A microscopic stain used to identify cholesterol clefts in necrotic tissue.

Answer 33

Alizarin Red-S stain

Question 34

The common gross appearance of caseous necrosis.

Answer 34

Grayish-white, dry, and cheese-like

Question 35

The type of necrosis most commonly associated with fungal infections.

Answer 35

Caseous necrosis

Question 36

This process is the final step in removing necrotic tissue from the body.

Answer 36

Phagocytosis and resorption

Question 37

A key distinguishing feature of dystrophic calcification in necrotic tissue.

Answer 37

Normal blood calcium levels with local deposits

Question 38

A biochemical marker that increases in blood when cells undergo necrosis.

Answer 38

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Question 39

Question

Answer 39

Answer

Question 40

This type of liquefaction occurs when fluid accumulates faster than it is drained away.

Answer 40

Cyst-like accumulation of fluid

Question 41

This form of liquefaction is caused by pyogenic bacteria, leading to pus formation.

Answer 41

Abscess formation

Question 42

When necrotic tissue remains in place and is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, this occurs.

Answer 42

Encapsulation without liquefaction

Question 43

The process where necrotic tissue separates from viable tissue on a body surface.

Answer 43

Desquamation or Sloughing

Question 44

The process of replacing lost necrotic cells with cells of the same kind.

Answer 44

Regeneration

Question 45

This term describes the replacement of necrotic cells by fibrous connective tissue.

Answer 45

Scar tissue formation

Question 46

Cell death that occurs as part of normal cellular turnover without harming the host.

Answer 46

Necrobiosis

Question 47

This postmortem change refers to self-digestion by enzymes after death.

Answer 47

Postmortem autolysis

Question 48

A type of necrosis that occurs before death in response to an injurious agent.

Answer 48

Antemortem necrosis

Question 49

This term refers to the death of the entire body when all organ functions cease.

Answer 49

Somatic death

Question 50

A key difference between necrosis and postmortem autolysis is the absence of this reaction.

Answer 50

Inflammatory response

Question 51

The postmortem change where bacterial enzymes decompose tissues.

Answer 51

Postmortem putrefaction

Question 52

This postmortem phenomenon causes stiffening of muscles after death.

Answer 52

Rigor mortis

Question 53

The postmortem process where the body temperature equilibrates with the environment.

Answer 53

Algor mortis

Question 54

The accumulation of blood in the ventral portions of the body after death.

Answer 54

Hypostatic congestion

Question 55

The staining of tissues due to hemoglobin leakage from lysed red blood cells.

Answer 55

Imbibition with hemoglobin

Question 56

This postmortem change occurs when bile leaks from the gallbladder and stains adjacent tissue.

Answer 56

Imbibition with bile

Question 57

The postmortem formation of a gray, green, or black pigment due to bacterial hydrogen sulfide production.

Answer 57

Pseudomelanosis

Question 58

The postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues due to bacterial fermentation.

Answer 58

Postmortem emphysema

Question 59

When gases produced by bacterial fermentation cause organ rupture, this occurs.

Answer 59

Postmortem rupture

Question 60

This postmortem change involves the movement of organs due to rolling or handling of the body.

Answer 60

Postmortem displacement of organs

Question 61

The coagulation of blood in vessels and the heart after death.

Answer 61

Postmortem clotting of blood

Question 62

The term for smooth, shiny, and uniform clots that are unattached to the vessel wall.

Answer 62

Postmortem clots (chicken fat or currant jelly clots)

Question 63

This type of clot occurs before death and is friable, dull, and attached to the vessel wall.

Answer 63

Antemortem thrombus

Question 64

This postmortem change in the heart causes strong contraction and emptying of the left ventricle.

Answer 64

Rigor mortis in the heart

Question 65

This condition occurs when necrotic tissue is digested and removed by phagocytes.

Answer 65

Liquefaction and resorption

Question 66

A term used for bacterial invasion of necrotic tissue, leading to further degradation.

Answer 66

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 67

The postmortem event where hemolyzed blood stains the endocardium and blood vessels.

Answer 67

Postmortem hemoglobin imbibition

Question 68

A postmortem event where body gases cause bloating and organ displacement.

Answer 68

Postmortem bloating

Question 69

This type of necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 69

Caseous necrosis

Question 70

A term used for necrosis occurring in adipose tissue, often in the pancreas.

Answer 70

Fat necrosis

Question 71

This condition describes when calcium salts are deposited in necrotic tissue.

Answer 71

Dystrophic calcification

Question 72

A term describing calcium deposition in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia.

Answer 72

Metastatic calcification

Question 73

A sign of necrotic tissue where cholesterol deposits form characteristic empty spaces.

Answer 73

Cholesterol clefts

Question 74

The term used for bacteria that produce large amounts of gas within necrotic tissue.

Answer 74

Clostridium species (Gas gangrene)

Question 75

This necrotic process involves enzymatic digestion leading to rapid tissue liquefaction.

Answer 75

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 76

A defining characteristic of coagulative necrosis, seen in the heart and kidneys.

Answer 76

Preserved tissue architecture with acidophilic cytoplasm

Question 77

A type of necrosis commonly seen in bacterial infections and abscess formation.

Answer 77

Liquefactive necrosis