Memory Improvement Pt 2 & Problem Solving Pt 1 Flashcards
(29 cards)
What are the 3 Important Memory Processes?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What is Encoding?
When sensory information is converted for storage
What is Storage?
When information is retained in memory
What is Retrieval?
When information is recovered from memory when needed
What is the Levels of Processing Effect?
The idea that the way in which information is stored affects how well it is remembered
What is Shallow Encoding?
Encoding that occurs when info is encoded structurally, by the way it appears/sounds
What is Deep Encoding?
Encoding that occurs when info is encoded for the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning
Bransford & Johnson’s Study (Doing Laundry)
- People who did shallow encoding or who weren’t given the title were not able to recall a lot bc they tried to memorize word by word
- Without the title, people can’t focus on the meaning bc they don’t know the overall meaning
Study Application of Levels of Processing Effect
- Try finding a study buddy and explain key concepts
- Spend some time googling concepts or real-life applications of many topics
- Organize information subjectively
- Students who had to organize the study guide got a better memory score
What is a mnemonic strategy?
Strategies such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations
Massed vs. Distributed Practice
Massed Practice – cramming
Distributed Practice – studying in small chunks over the course of the week
What is the Spacing Effect?
Spreading out studying of the same info over time promotes better retention
- Reported to lead to a 50% improvement in memory
What is the Testing Effect in terms of Retrieval Practice?
Self-testing and classroom testing both have positive impact on memory compared to same amount of time spent restudying over long retention intervals
What is Encoding Specificity?
The general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval by providing an additional retrieval cue
Ex). Studying under conditions similar to the testing conditions
What are some cautions about encoding specificity?
- You can’t control everything
- Your internal state (feelings, bodily sensations, etc) might change
What is Metamemory?
Our awareness and knowledge of our own memory and memory ability
- Can improve memory during both encoding and retrieval of info but can be highly inaccurate and hurt our study practices
Retrieval Fluency Effect on Studying
Retrieval fluency makes us falsely believe we are going to remember things we recently learned better than we will
Judgments of Learning –> Benefitting from Meta-Memory
Assess how well people think that they learned some material (ie questions at the end of a chapter)
How generalizable do you think problem-solving skills are to different types of problems?
It’s a mixed bag! A person who is good at solving one type of problem can either be also very good at solving other types or may be poor at solving other types
What is a Problem Space?
Refers to defining the problem & the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by the problem solver
What are the 3 types of problem space?
- Trial and Error
- Algorithms
- Heuristics
What is a Heuristic in Problem Solving?
A guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions
What is Trial & Error?
Involves trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works
What is an example of Trial & Error?
Trying RANDOM combinations of numbers to unlock a lock until one works
