Visual Images Pt 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is Imagery Potential?
Measurement of how easy it is to form an image for given words
Which type of words are rated higher in imagery potential?
Concrete words
What is Association Potential?
Measurement of how many associations one can give over a 1 minute interval (verbal perspective)
Which type of words are higher in association potential
Abstract words
According to Paivio, which type of potential for a word is more reliable?
Imagery potential of words is a more reliable predictor of learning
Paivio – Paired Associates Experiment
Participants are asked to learn a list of paired associates consisting of 16 word pairs
- The words were equally divided between high-imagery words (H) and low imagery words (L)
- Pairs included high-high (H-H), high-low (H-L), low-high (L-H), and low-low (L-L)
Results of Paivio et al
- The H-H pairs resulted in the best recall and the L-L pairs the worst
- When only one member of the pair had a high-imagery value, recall was better when that word was used as the stimulus (H-L) and not the response/latter
- Starting with high imagery has a greater impact in recall
Paivio et al – Strategies
The students also indicated for each pair which strategies they had used in trying to learn that pair
1. Repetition (rehearsal)
2. Verbal (a phrase or rhyme connecting two words)
3. Imagery (mental pictures that include the items)
Implications of Paivio et al
The reported use of imagery was highest for the H-H pairs and lowest for the L-L pairs
- more imagery for H-H pairs
- more repetition for the L-L pairs
Imagery is an effective learning strategy!
What is the Dual-Coding Theory?
Two independent memory codes can be used to recall; a verbal code and a visual code
Why does having two independent memory codes result in better memory?
Having two memory codes represent an item provides a better chance of remembering that item than only one code
- Utilizing both control processes of coding and imaging
What is Propositional Theory?
The emphasis on the DESCRIPTIVE characteristics of images, rather than their sensory characteristics
Ex). The new ai feature in text messages that describes an image based on its features
What is the Analogous Theory?
Assumes that an image is a spatial representation analogous to the experience of seeing an object during visual perception
- Different from the Propositional Theory
Ex). Imagining a visual picture
Kosslyn et al
Participants were required to learn the exact locations of objects on a map, and when the map was removed they needed to find an object that was originally on the map
- Required them to form a mental image and imagine a black speck moving in a straight line from the first object to the second
Results of Kosslyn et al
- The results demonstrate that as the distance between the two objects increased, the longer it took to make a response
- This suggests that we can mentally scan visual images in the same way that we scan pictures
What are some criticisms to Kosslyn’s map experiment
Maybe the participants did not actually mentally scan but waited longer since they knew that time would increase with distance
Sequential Processing
The type of processing that occurs in analyzing features verbally
- Since you do NOT have access to all the features at once, you have to remember it in order
Parallel Processing
The type of processing that occurs in analyzing features visually
- You’re presented with all the features at once, not required to remember in a particular order
- Not influenced by the # of features
Nielsen & Smith (hint faces)
Showed participants either a picture of a schematic face or its verbal description
1. Participants studied either the picture or a description for 4 seconds
2. After participants had to decide whether if a test stimulus matched the picture or description
Results of Nielsen & Smith
- Visual image –> number of features does not impact the response time (parallel processing)
- Verbal description –> Each feature on the list is individually compared with the corresponding feature. The response time increases as a function of the number of features (sequential processing)
Mental Transformations
One method for determining whether 2 patterns are identical is to rotate one pattern mentally until it has the same orientation as the other pattern
Shepard & Metzler
Showed participants pairs of images that differed in orientation from 0 to 180 degrees
- Results: The time to decide if they matched increased with an increase in the number of degrees they differed
- Shows that participants were rotating a visual image until it had the same orientation as the other form
Roland & Friberg Experiment
Measured cerebral blood flow while participants performed one of three cognitive tasks: mental arithmetic, memory scnning of a musical jingle, or visually imaging a walk through one’s neighborhood
Results of Roland & Friberg
Increased activity in the visual cortex for the visual imagery task, but NOT for the mental arithmetic or the memory-scanning task
- Imaging is linked to the same lobe as actually doing those activities
