Visual Images Pt 1

Question 1

What are the Two Types of Knowledge?

Answer 1

Verbal Knowledge and Spatial Knowledge

Question 2

What is Verbal Knowledge?

Answer 2

Knowledge usually measured by vocabulary questions or questions that test comprehension of written material

Question 3

What is Spatial Knowledge?

Answer 3

Knowledge usually measured by performance on tasks such as mentally rotating an object to determine whether it matches another object

Question 4

History: Why did Watson’s Behaviorism cause psychologists to ignore imagery for years?

Answer 4

Behaviorists often view cognition as a black box; Watson argued that only behavior could be objectively studied (eliminating study of mental processes)

Question 5

What is Elaboration in the context of visual imagery?

Answer 5

The process of actively thinking about, analyzing, and connecting new information with existing knowledge or experiences; expanding

Question 6

Shepard’s Study

Answer 6

Participants viewed 612 pictures and were later given a recognition-memory test on pairs of pictures
- Each pair consisted of a picture they had previously seen and a novel picture

Question 7

Results of Shepard’s Study

Answer 7

When tested 2 hours later, the participants performed the task perfectly; yet as time went on performance declined

Question 8

Standing’s Study

Answer 8

Participants viewed 10,000 pictures over 5 days and were immediately given a recognition-memory test
- He estimated that the participants must have remembered 6600 pictures, but only enough details to distinguish pictures from a novel picture

Question 9

Konkle et al

Answer 9

Objective was to study how much of the picture (the details) participants recognized
- Participants had to select which of two scenes they had previously observed

Question 10

What were the conditions of Konkle et al?

Answer 10

1. One picture was from a category they had previously viewed, and the other picture was from a new category (Novel Foil)
2. Both pictures were from the same scene category (Exemplar Foil)

Question 11

Results of Konkle et al

Answer 11

1. When the pictures were from different categories participants were more correct
2. When both pictures were from the same scene category, accuracy depended on the number of previously viewed examples in this category (accuracy declined with more examples)

Question 12

Paivio’s View on Elaboration

Answer 12

There were two major ways a person could elaborate on material in a learning experiment:
1. Verbal associations (webs)
2. Creation of a visual image to represent a word

Question 13

Concrete vs Abstract

Answer 13

1. Concrete Object –> Person doesn’t have to create an image
2. Abstract Concept –> A complex thing which requires the person to create an image

Question 14

Which is easier to do: imagine a concrete or abstract word?

Answer 14

It is easy to form an image to represent a concrete object but difficult to form an image for an abstract concept
- The concrete-abstract dimension is the most important determinant of ease in forming an image