Memory models

Question 1

What are the 3 levels of storage in Atkinson and Shiffrens multi-store memory model?

Answer 1

1. Short term sensory storage
2. Short term memory
3. Long term memory

Question 2

What the characteristics of the short term sensory store in the multi-store memory model?

Answer 2

• Takes in all enviromental cues
• Unlimited capacity
• Duration up to 1 second
• Selective attention occurs

Question 3

Define and give an example of selective attention

Answer 3

Relevent information is filtered into the short term memory, relevent cues are identified, irrelevent cues are ignored
e.g. the position of the opposition in a tennis match

Question 4

What are the characteristics of the short term memory in the multi-store memory model?

Answer 4

• Holds 5-9 items
• Duration ~30 seconds
• Information is encoded e.g. speed and direction of the ball
• Information is chunked
• Comparison with the long term memory store - compared to past experience
• responce selected

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the long term memory in the multi-store memory model?

Answer 5

• Unlimeted capacity
• Infinite duration
• Learned movements are stored as motor programs and schema
• Motor programs are updated and improved
• Retrieval of motor programs during performance

Question 6

Evaluate Atkinsons and Shiffrens multi-store memory model

Answer 6

+Simple to understand
+Explains how the performer filters information
+Explains how a performer can produce a skill that they have not done in a long time
-It is to simple/hypothetical
-Doesn’t account for “novel” skill development
-Doesn’t explain why we recall some things but not others
-Doesnt account for individual differences

Question 7

Give an overview of Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model

Answer 7

Three levels of processing
* Information is considered
* Information is understood
* Information has meaning
The deeper the depth of processing, the stronger the memory trace

Question 8

What are the three levels of processing in Craik and Lockharts

Answer 8

• Structural level - processing what the skill looks like
• Phonetic/ acoustic level - processing sounds (associated with the skill)
• Semantic level - considers of the meaning of the information

Question 9

Describe the charecteristics of the levels of processing in Craik and Lockharts

Answer 9

• Memory at the structural and phonetic levels is shallow because they don’t involve significant processing
• Memory at the semantic level is deeper because it involves more processing
• Information is best retained if it has relevence

Question 10

Critically evaluate Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model

Answer 10

Strengths:
* Explains how, the more we practice something, the more likely we are to remember it

Weaknesses:
* Does not consider individual differences
* Does not explain how a performer can “forget” something that they have previously learned

Question 11

Methods for improving memory

Answer 11

• Chunking/ grouping
• Rehearsal/ practice/ repitition
• Linking information/ making associations
• Making information relevent/ meaningful
• Avoid overload