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Micro Ch. 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 2 major categories of immune dysfunction

A

Overreactivity (hypersensitivity)

Immunodeficiency (hyposensitivity)

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of overreaction to antigens

A 
Type I ("common”IgE & Histamine)
 Type II (IgG- and IgM-mediated cell damage)
 Type III (immune complex)
 Type IV Delayed (Tcells and Cytokines)
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3
Q

Define allergen and distinguish among inhalant, ingestant, and contactant types.

A

antigens that do not noticeably effect nonallergic individuals. Inhalent, ingestant, contactant, & injectant refers to the port of entry classification they fall under

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4
Q

Explain why systemic anaphylaxis is so serious.

A

Systemic targets include smooth muscle which is responsible for regulating the size of blood vessels and respiratory passageways,which alters blood flow, blood pressure, and respiration.

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5
Q

Test that measures the amount of histamine released from the patient’s basophils when exposed to a specific allergen.

A

Leukocyte Histamine-Release Test

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6
Q

Allergy test that measures levels of IgE to specific allergens

A

Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)

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7
Q

A test for allergies that utilizes a differential blood cell count which can indicate the levels of basophils and eosinophils

A

In Vitro

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8
Q

A tried and true in vivo method to detect precise atopic or anaphylactic sensitivities.
A patient’s skin is injected, scratched, or pricked with a small amount of a pure allergen extract.

A

Skin Test

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9
Q

What is the goal of Anti-Allergy medication?

A

To block the progress of the allergic response somewhere along the route between IgE production and the appearance of symptoms

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10
Q
  • Controlled injections of specific allergens as determined by skin tests
  • A therapeutic way to prevent reactions between allergen, IgE, and mast cells.
  • Contain pure suspensions of plant antigens, venoms, dander, etc…
A

Desensitization or Hyposensitization

Allergy Shots

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11
Q

How are the ABO antigens determined?

What are made of?

A

Genetically (one from each parent)

Glycoproteins

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12
Q

Name the four blood types (phenotypes)

A

A (AA or AO)
B (BB or BO)
AB (AB)
O (OO)

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13
Q

Antibody in plasma for Type A blood

A

B

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14
Q

Antibody in plasma for Type B blood

A

A

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15
Q

Antibody in plasma for type AB

A

Neither anti A or anti B

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16
Q

Antibody in plasma for type O

A

A, B, or AB

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17
Q

Universal donor blood type

A

O

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18
Q

Universal receiver blood type

A

AB

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19
Q

How is the RH factor problematic for a newborn baby?

A
  • If an RH+ fetus develops within an RH- mother, the first pregnancy primes the mother’s immune system for the RH+ antigen.
  • If, during the second pregnancy, RBC’s cross the placental barrier and the mother’s body detects Rh+ in the baby yet again, it will attack the baby and cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), characterized by severe anemia and jaundice.
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20
Q

What are 2 ways to prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

A
  1. A careful family history of the mother, including past children and their RH types and the father’s RH type
  2. passive immunization with antiserum containing antibodies against the Rh factor (Rh0 [D] immune globulin, or RhoGAM)
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21
Q
  • A complex group of syndromes that involve complement-assisted destruction (lysis) of cells by antibodies (IgG and IgM) directed against those cells’ surface antigens
  • Cells targeted are usually RBC’s
A

Type II hypersensitivities

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22
Q

-involves the reaction of soluble antigen combined with antibodies, results in complexes formed in the basement membranes of epithelial tissue.

A

Type III Hypersensitivities

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23
Q

How are type II sensitivities similar to type III?

A

Both involve production of IgG and IgM after repeated exposure to antigens and the activation of complement

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24
Q

How do type II sensitivities differ from type III?

A
  • Type III antigens are not attached to the surface of a cell.
  • the antigen recognized in type III reactions is soluble. -immune complex reaction or disease
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25
In a type III immune complex disease, the antigen-antibody complexes are so abundant, they bury themselves in tissues and nuetrophils release what?
Lysosomal granules that digest tissues and cause a destructive inflammatory condition.
26
2 immune complex diseases | -
Arthus Reaction | Serum Sickness
27
Name the 4 classes of grafts
Autograft Isograft Allograft Xenograft
28
Tissue transplanted from one site on an individuals body to another site on his or her body
Autograft
29
Tissue from an identical twin
Isograft
30
Exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species
Allograft
31
A tissue exchange between individuals of different species
Xenograft
32
- Involve primarily the T-cell branch of the immune system - Symptoms arise one to several days following the second contact with an antigen - Result when T cells respond to antigens displayed on self tissues or transplanted foreign cells
Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell Mediated (Delayed) Reactions
33
Give 3 examples of Type IV (Delayed) Hypersensitivities
Delayed allergic reactions to infectious agents Contact dermatitis Graft rejection
34
- The most common delayed allergic reaction - exposure to resins in poison ivy or poison oak, physical items, or certain drugs - Cytokins damage the epidermis
``` Contact Dermatitis (atopic dermititis = Exzema) ```
35
The bulk of the damage that occurs in graft rejections can be attributed to
Cytotoxic T-cell action.
36
2 levels of severity of type I allergies
Atopy- chronic local allergy (hay fever, asthma) | Anaphalaxis- Systemic
37
Cells of each person can exhibit variability in the pattern of these cell surface molecules, the pattern is identical in different cells of the same person.
MHC Genes
38
What will happen when donor tissue (a graft) displays surface molecules of a different MHC class
The T cells of the recipient (called the host) will recognize its foreignness and react against it
39
Autoimmune diseases in which type IV hypersensitivities play a role
rheumatoid arthritis type I diabetes multiple sclerosis
40
Antigens that trigger hypersensitivity reactions are called
Immunodeficient
41
the study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system.
Immunopathology
42
Inappropriate responses of the immune system to a normally harmless substance.
Hypersensitvity
43
An Overpowering Systemic Reaction
Anaphylactic Shock
44
An "anti-self" antibody having an affinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed.
Autoantibody
45
A release of mediators from cells such as mast cells
Degranulation
46
A diagnostic test in which a person is injected with a mycobacterium extract and the reaction is measured
Tuberculin Reaction
47
A disease involving compromise of insulin function due to either destroyed pancreatic cells or insufficient production by the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
48
- AKA Hyposensitization | - A therapeutic exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction.
Desensitization
49
- most profuse and fast-acting allergic mediator | - Stimulates smooth muscle and glands
Histamine
50
Primary mediators in Type II hypersensitivities include:
IgA IgG IgM
51
Primary mediators in Type IV hypersensitivities include:
T Lymphocyte
52
Secondary immunodeficiency is ____________
Acquired
53
Antigens that trigger hypersensitivity reactions are allergens. They can be either_______ (originate outside the host) or__________ (caused by the host’s own tissue).
exogenous | endogenous
54
Explains that during embryonic growth, some tissues are immunologically privileged.
The sequestered antigen theory
55
Describe Multiple sclerosis including: Type of hypersensitivity. Target Characteristics
Type II and IV Target = Myelin sheath T Cells attack myelin and decreases speed of nuerons
56
Describe Graves Disease including: Type of hypersensitivity. Target Characteristics
Type III Target = Thyroid Antibodies attack Thryoid stimulating hormone receptors
57
Describe Type 1 Diabetes including: Type of hypersensitivity Target Characteristics
Type IV Target= Pancreas T Cells attack insulin producing cells
58
Name the steps of host rejection of a graft in order from start to finish
1. Tc cells recognize foreign MHC class 1 marker 2. Tc cells release interleukin -2 3. Amplification of Th & Tc cells specific to graft MHC1 4. Tc cells bind to grafted tissue & release lymphokines 5. Antibodies formed against graft contribute to damage 6. Destruction of the vascular supply to the grafted tissue
59
- Immunodeficiency diseases that are present at birth (congenital) and usually stemming from genetic errors - genetically induced deficiencies of B cells, T cells, the thymus, or combinations of these.
Primary
60
Immunodeficiency diseases that are acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents.
Secondary
61
4 causes of Secondary acquired deficiencies in B cells and T cells
infection noninfectious metabolic disease chemotherapy radiation
62
infection-induced immunodeficiency caused when several types of immune cells, including T helper cells, mono-cytes, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells, are infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
AIDS
63
Conditions that can cause secondary immunodeficiencys
measles, leprosy, and malaria Leukemia Plasma and Thyroid Tumors
64
Result from excessive IgE production in response to an exogenous antigen. (Hypersensitivity ?)
Type 1
65
Type I allergens include:
inhalants ingestants injectants contactants
66
The most common type II reactions occur when?
Transfused blood is mismatched to the recipient’s ABO type.
67
the most severe forms of primary diseases due to the loss of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
SCIDS
68
B cells are responsible for which allergies?
asthma | anaphylaxis
69
The contact with allergen that results in symptoms
Provocative dose
70
Rejection of transplanted tissue is dependent on
MHC/HLA markers
71
Molecules that differ in the same species
Alloantigens
71
Molecules that differ in the same species
Alloantigens
72
Conditions causing or resulting from a Type 2 Hypersensitivity
Transfusion of the wrong blood Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Rheumatoid Artritis Multiple Sclerosis
72
Production of antibodies against self antigens
Autoimmunity
73
Conditions Causing or resulting from Type 3 Hypersensitivity
Graves Disease Systemic Lupus Myasthenia Gravis Rheumatoid Arthritis
73
A conceptual explanation for the development of lymphocyte specificity and variety during immune maturation.
Clonal selection.
74
Which hyper sensitivities do not involve T Cells
Types I, II, and III
75
IgE has an Fc region with a great affinity for which types of cells?
Basophils | Mast Cells
76
Primary immunodeficiencies characterized by low levels of B Cells and low levels of gamma globulin
Hypogammaglobulinemia Selective immunoglobin deficiencies Agammaglobulinemia
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