- major source of immune cells & fluids - returns and filters fluid from the tissues to the cardiovascular system

Micro Ch. 20 Flashcards by leah zimmerman

What is the composition of the cardiovascular system?

-blood vessels (arteries, veins, & capillaries) & heart move the blood through a closed circuit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

to provide tissues w/ oxygen & nutrients

- to carry away carbon dioxide & waste products

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lymphatic system

major source of immune cells & fluids

- returns and filters fluid from the tissues to the cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Defenses of CV system and Lymphatic system

5,000-10,000 leukocytes per ml of blood
very few microbes survive in the blood w/ so many defensive elements
microbes that DO enter the system have access to every part of the body (systemic)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causitive agents of Acute Endocarditis

Staphylococcus Aureus
Streptoxoxxua Pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common mode of transmission for Acute and Subacute Endocarditis

Acute…..Parental(injection or aseptic surgery)

Subacute……Endogenous transfer of normal biota to bloodstream

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Distinctive features of Acute and Subacute Endocarditis

Acute…..fast onset & high fatality rate, very difficult to eliminate due to biofilm

Subacute…..

slower onset
Almost always preceded by some form of damage to the heart valves or by congenital malformation.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment for Acute and subacute Endocarditis

Acute….Nafcillin or oxacillin +or - gentamicin,
-tobramycin or vancomycin

Subacute….
-.surgery may be necassary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the causitive agents of Septicemia and what are the virulence factors and pathogenicity?

90% bacteria (evenly disbursed between gram+ and -)
gram (-) bacteria release lots of endotoxin into bloodstream..causes endotoxic shock.
gram+ instigate similar response from shedding cell wall
10% of septicemia is from Fungus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Treatment for Septicemia

-Immediate Emperic therapy with broad spectrum antibiotics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causitive agent of subacute endocarditis

-Usually low pathogenicity organisms originating in oral cavity
-Alpha-Hemolytic streptocci such as:
S. sanguinis
S. oralis
S. mutans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causitive agent of Plague?
What family does this bacteria cause?
Shape and Gram of bacteria causing Plague

Yersinia pestis
Enterobacteriaceae
gram-negative rod

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causative agent is a facultative intracellular gram-negative bacterium called Francisella tularensis. -Disease is often called “rabbit fever”.
Treated with gentamicin or streptomycin.
Belonging to the Genus Pasturella

Tularemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cusitive agent of Lyme Disease

Shape of bacteria

Borrelia burgdorferi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono or Dirty Whore's Disease) can be caused by bacteria but usually by what causitive agent?
What family does it belong to?

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Herpesviridae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cusitive agent of Anthrax

Gram test and physical characteristics

Bacillus anthracis
gram-positive endospore-forming rod
-among the largest of all bacterial pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causitive agent of Yelow Fever

description of causitive agent

Yellow Fever Virus
arbovirus
single-stranded RNA in the family flavivirus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All hemorrhagic diseases are what type of viruses and are what level pathogenic bioterroist threats?

All of these viruses are RNA enveloped viruses -classified as biosafety level 4 pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The hemorrhagic fever diseases described in the book are caused by viruses in one of three families

Arenaviridae
Filoviridae
Flaviviridae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dengue fever AKA “Breakbone Fever” is caused by -what causitive agent

in what virus family
spread by what type of mosquito?

Dengue fever virus
single stranded RNA flavivirus
Aedes Mosquito

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Both the ebola and Marbug viruses share similar characteristics including:
-Family of virus
-symptoms of disease
-transmission vectors
Name the similarities

Filoviruses (filoviridae)

Massive Hemorrhaging

Higher Primates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causitive agent of Lassa Fever and family it belongs to

Lassa Fever Virus

- arenavirus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Non-Hemorragic Fever Diseases

Brucellosis
Q Fever
Cat Scratch Fever (meyow)
Trench Fever
HGA and HME
Rocky Mountain SPotted Fever

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causitive agent Genusof Brucellosis shape

at least 6 species of Genus Brucella but B. melitensis is most common
tiny, aerobic gram-negative coccobacilli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causitive agent of Q Fever

Coxiella burnetii

Causitive agent of cat scratch disease

Bartonella henselae

Causitive agent of Trench Fever

Bartonella quintana

causitive agent of human monocytic ehrli-chiosis (HME)

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

causitive agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Causiive agent of Rocky mountain Spotted

Rickettsia rick-ettsii

A flagellated protozoan that is the causitive agent of Chagas Disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

1. Protozoans in the sporozoan group that causes Malaria 2. What species of mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria? -

1. Plasmodium | 2. female Anopheles mosquito

- live in animal hosts and lack locomotor organelles in the mature state - alternate between sexual and asexual phases, often in different animal hosts.

apicomplexans

How do the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system survey tissue for infection?

Blood is full of luekocytes and lymphocytes searching at all times for "organisms" items in blood and tissue

How is plague transmitted?

- Primarily from the flea - After blood meal, bacteria multiply in bacteria's gut - infection eventually blocks the flea's esophagus - Flea flips the hell out, jumping from animal to animal regurgitating it's bacteria into bite wounds.

Explain affected areas associated with 3 forms of diseases caused by Yersinia Pestis

Pnuemonic Plague- Respiratory disease Bubonic Plague- necrosis & inflamation of infected lymph node. usually in groin and axillary Septicemic Plague-massive bacterial growth in the blood

Treatment of Plague

- Plague is one of a handful of internationally quarantin-able diseases - Streptomycin or gentamicin

What are the symptoms of Malaria?

After a 10- to 16-day incubation period: 1. malaise, fatigue, vague aches, and nausea with or without diarrhea 2. bouts of chills, fever, and sweating. 3. symptoms occur at 48- or 72-hour intervals,due to the synchronous rupturing of red blood cells

What are some complications of malaria

-hemolytic anemia from lysed blood cells and organ enlargement and rupture due to cellular debris that accumulates in the spleen, liver, and kidneys

Most virulent type of malaria, often manifest persistent fever, cough, and weakness for weeks without relief.

falciparum malaria

- serious complications of falciparum malaria - small blood vessels in the brain become obstructed due to the increased ability of red blood cells (RBCs) to adhere to vessel walls

cerebral malaria

How can malaria be prevented?

- elimination of standing water (breeding of mosquitoes) - insecticides near human dwellings - introducing sterile male mosquitoes into endemic areas in an attempt to decrease mosquito populations - netting, screens, and repellants

Treatment for malaria

- quinine - Chloroquine (used from 1950's-2003...discontinued use due to drug resistance....in 2012 drug started to be effective again from lack of use)

Where does the causitive agent of Mono Replicate?

In the blood affecting Lymphocytes

A surface protein thought to be responsible for the fever seen in malaria.

GPI (glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol)

Where does the causitive agent of Malaria replicate?

the asexual phase- carried out in the human..(Liver Cells and RBC's) sexual phase- carried out in the mosquito (stomach)

What are the classic signs of Mono?

1. sore throat, high fever, and cervical lymphadenopathy 2. gray-white exudate in the throat, a skin rash, and enlarged spleen& liver. 3. sudden leukocytosis, consisting initially of infected B cells and later T cells

In the case of Mono, infection during the ______ years seems to result in disease, whereas infection before or after this period is usually asymptomatic.

teen

List all of the ways HIV can be transmitted

Direct and rather specific routes such as: 1. Direct blood exposure through needles or trauma 2. good ol fashioned rough sex by either by blood or by semen/vaginal secretions 3. From Mother to newborn through breast milk or childbirth

- Syndrome mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions. - B. burgdorferi is a unique spirochoete transmitted primarily by lxodes ticks. - Treated with doxycycline and/or amoxicillin; also cephalosporins and penicillin

Lyme disease

Where is HIV still occuring?

- Worldwide | - Prominent i large urban areas

What is the current treatment for HIV

- newer recommendations call for treatment to begin soon after HIV diagnosis - Stribild (AKA quadpill) combines two reverse transcriptase inhibitors and one integrase inhibitor - fourth drug in quadpill inhibits the liver enzymes that break down the other drugs, enabling higher effective concentrations of these drugs to remain in the body.

Where in the body does HIV bind to in order to infect someone

Helper T Cell receptors (CD-4)

A diagnosis of AIDS is based on what 2 criteria

1. Test positive for the virus 2. Fullfill one of these criteria: - CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/ microliter of blood - CD4 cells account for less than 14% of lymphocytes - experience 1 or more of AIDS defining illness

HIV and AIDS are tested by what assays?

- ELISA - Latex agglutination - Western blot

What are some of the AIDS defining diseases

- Pneumocystitis jirovecii pneumonia - Mycobacterium avium complex - Kaposi’s sarcoma - cerebral toxoplasmosis - chronic candidiasis - cyto-megalovirus (CMV) infections

Treatment for Mono

No treatment other than -symptom releif Avoiding contact sports/excersize(fatigue)

Primary vector for transmission of Plague

flea

Why do most doctors suspect Anthrax?

- It is very rare | - Disease mimics many other infections

Prevention of Brucellosis includes:

- Quarantine of infected animals - Eliminating infected animals - Milk pasteurization

Characteristic that allows Ebstein Barr Virus to evade host immune response

-splices into hose cell genome

diagnostic tool use to identify septicemia

blood culture

major virulence factors for anthrax

tripartite toxin | polypeptide capsule

Signs and symptoms of AIDS

- neoplasms - generalized lymphadenopathy - opportunistic infections - nuerological disturbances - body wasting

1st cells to be infected by HIV

dendritic

Brucella enters the body how?

- broken skin - mucous memebranes - conjunctiva

Name the synthetic nucleoside analog (reverse transcriptase inhibitors) drugs associated with HIV/AIDS Hint: they all end in -ine What do they do?

azidothymidine (AZT) didanosine (ddI) lamivudine (Epivir; 3TC) stavudine (d4T) interrupt the HIV multiplication cycle by mimicking the structure of actual nucleosides and being added to viral DNA by reverse transcriptase

Name the integrase inhibitor drug used for HIV/AIDS treatment. What does it do?

Dolutegravir, tradename Tiv-icay Targets the enzyme that allows viral DNA to splice into human DNA

What is usually seen in the differential blood count of a person with EBV infectious mononucleosis

Atypical lymphocytes Increased lymphocytes Decreased neutrophils

a typical mode for anthrax infection in the US is:

handling infected animal materials

- Was once a condition of soldiers in battle. - carried by lice - Highly variable symptoms can include a 5- to 6-day fever, leg pains, headache, chills, and muscle aches.

Trench Fever

Name 4 tick borne illnesses

human monocytic ehrli-chiosis (HME). human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) Lyme Disease Rocky mountain spotted fever

Infection connected with being clawed or bitten by a cat. Treatment can be azithromycin, erythromycin, and rifampin.

Cat Scratch Disease

- Also called Malta fever, undulant fever, or Bang's disease. - Two species cause this disease in humans: B. abortus (in cattle) and B. suis (in pigs).

Brucellosis

What are the 2 cycles of Yellow fever?

urban cycle- humans and the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which reproduces in standing water in cities. sylvan (forest) cycle- maintained between forest monkeys and mosquitoes.

- caused by one of four related single-stranded RNA flaviviruses carried by Aedes mosquitoes. - Mild infection is most common; a form called _____ hemorrhagic shock syndrome can be lethal.

Dengue Fever

- Name comes from an African phrase meaning, “that which bends up,” - transmitted by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. - Symptoms are similar to dengue fever with the additional complication of severe joint pain, sometimes lasting for years, and occasional neurological impairment.

Chikungunya virus

-Symptoms similar to Dengue Fever -flagellated protozoan similar to the agent of African sleeping sickness -Acute: mild to severe fever, nausea, fatigue, “chagoma” at the bite site, swelling of eyelids if near the eyes -Chronic: inflammation and disruption of the heart, brain, and intestinal tract

Chagas Disease

Micro Ch. 20 Flashcards

(78 cards)