Micro EX 1: Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Question 0

Which prokaryotic inclusion stores energy such as glycogen?

Answer 0

Polysaccharide inclusions

Question 1

Name the 6 prokaryotic inclusions.

Answer 1

Lipid inclusions, polysaccharide inclusions, metachromatic granules, sulfur granules, carboxysomes, gas vacuoles

Question 2

Which prokaryotic inclusion stores energy such as triglycerides?

Answer 2

Lipid inclusions

Question 3

Which prokaryotic inclusion stores energy such as ATP and concentration of phosphate?

Answer 3

Metachromatic granules

Question 4

Which prokaryotic inclusion stores energy such as sulfur?

Answer 4

Sulfur granules

Question 5

Which prokaryotic inclusion allow for buoyancy in the water column?

Answer 5

Gas vacuoles

Question 6

Which prokaryotic inclusion has concentrations of the enzymes needed for the dark reaction of photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed?

Answer 6

Carboxysomes

Question 7

History of earth events: earth is how old?

Answer 7

4.5 billion years old

Question 8

History of earth events: prokaryote is how old?

Answer 8

3.5 billion years old

Question 9

History of earth events: eukaryotes is how old?

Answer 9

2 billion years old

Question 10

Eukaryotes theories: autogenous theory

Answer 10

Infolding cell

Question 11

Eukaryote theories: endosymbiont theory

Answer 11

Small prokaryote living inside of large prokaryote & lost ability to live independently

Question 12

Give evident of endosymbiont theory

Answer 12

Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own DNA, 70 s ribosome & divide independently

Question 13

Endospores: 2 genera of bacteria list them

Answer 13

Bacillus: aerobic; Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium: anaerobic; Clostridium tetani

Question 14

Define Endospores

Answer 14

Has a copy of DNA, lives in a bacteria leave the bacteria (bacteria dies, endosperm lives): heat, dry, chemical & radiation

Question 15

Size of ribosomes

Answer 15

70 s

Question 16

Define plasmid

Answer 16

Extra chromosomal DNA, genes that are drug resistance can be replicated and transferred

Question 17

Define sex pilus

Answer 17

Bacteria that connect to another bacteria for genetic transfer

Question 18

Prokaryotic inclusions are used for

Answer 18

Cyanobacteria

Question 19

Cell wall: Gram (+)

Answer 19

Thick peptidoglycan layer, no outer membrane, many, layers, keeps primary stain: purple
Ex: Staphylococcus aureus

Question 20

Define mycoplasma

Answer 20

Stain pink
Bacteria has no cell wall
Small in size
Sterols in cell membrane

Question 21

Cell wall: Gram(-)

Answer 21

Thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane, 1 layer, loses primary color; picks up outer stain: pink
Ex: Escherichia coli

Question 22

Gram staining procedure

Answer 22

1. Crystal violet- primary stain
2. Gram’s Iodine-mordant
3. Decolorizer- removes color (time is crucial)
4. Safranin- counter stain

Question 24

Describe Eukaryotic Cell Membrane

Answer 24

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, sterols: cholesterol & ergosterol

Question 25

Describe Prokaryotic Cell Membrane

Answer 25

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, no sterols; except mycoplasma

Question 26

Name the different types of Flagellas & their Arrangements

Answer 26

Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, Peritichous, Axial filament & Pili

Question 27

Flagellas & their Arrangements: lots of hair on one end

Answer 27

Lophotrichous

Question 28

Flagellas & their Arrangements: hair on one end

Answer 28

Monotrichous

Question 29

Flagellas & their Arrangements: one hair on both ends

Answer 29

Amphitrichous

Question 30

Flagellas & their Arrangements: hair all over

Answer 30

Peritrichous

Question 31

Flagellas & their Arrangements: flagella that wraps around spirochete for locomotion

Answer 31

axial filament

Question 32

Flagellas & their Arrangements: fuzzy hair around the cell

Answer 32

pili

Question 33

Define Glycocalyx

Answer 33

polysaccharide or polypeptide that is outside the cell wall

Question 34

what helps bacteria sticks to form biofilms?

Answer 34

glycocalyx

Question 35

Define Biofilms

Answer 35

problem in medicine=catherers; | ex: yellow substance on teeth; Staphylococcus aureus

Question 36

name the 5 stages of biofilms

Answer 36

1. initial attachment 2. irreversible attachment 3. maturation 4. maturation 2 5. Dispersion

Question 37

each of the 5 stages of biofilm is pairs with what? and develops what?

Answer 37

paired with: photomicrograph | develops: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 38

Define Capsule

Answer 38

firm attachment, organized, linked with virulence

Question 39

Define Slime Layer

Answer 39

loose attachment, unorganized, linked with avirulence

Question 40

Define Virulence

Answer 40

pathogentic, causing a disease

Question 41

Describe the stain w/ or w/o capsule for Streptococcus aureus Gram +

Answer 41

stain w/ capsule= virulent | stain w/o capsule= avirulent

Question 42

Name the Bacillus Arrangements

Answer 42

single bacillus, diplobacillus, staphylobacillus, streptobacillus, palisade

Question 43

Define Palisade

Answer 43

side by side bacillus bacteria

Question 44

Name the Shapes of Bacteria

Answer 44

coccus(singular), diplococci, staphylococci, streptococci, sarcina, tetrad

Question 45

Spirillium Arrangements

Answer 45

vibrio, spirillium, spirochete

Question 46

Define pleomorphic

Answer 46

various shapes

Question 47

Define Eukaryotes

Answer 47

``` true nucleus 10-100 microns chromosome linear 80 s ribosomes cell wall: plantae/algae-cellulose; fungi-chitin mitochondria-cellular resp divide by mitosis ```

Question 48

Define Prokaryotes

Answer 48

``` no true nucleus 1-10 microns 1 circular chromosome 70 s ribosome cell wall: peptidoglycan cell membrane- cellular resp. divide by binary fisson ```