Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Question 0

Eukaryotes

Answer 0

-True nucleus
-Chromosomes are linear, usually paired, in nucleus
-80s ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
-Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration
-cell wall- usually cellulose or chitin if it has one
-larger cells(10-100 microns )
-divide by mitosis
Ex: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

• No true nucleus
• 1 circular chromosome- not in nucleus
• 70s ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
• cell membrane- site of cellular respiration
• cell wall- peptidoglycan
  -small cells-(1-10 microns)
• divide by binary fission
  Ex: bacteria and blue green algae
  Name: monera and eubacteria

Question 2

Shapes of bacteria

Answer 2

Coccus
Diplococci
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Sarcina- 3d cubed: 2 tetras put together 
Tetrad-4 of something

Question 3

Bacillus arrangement

Answer 3

Rod 
Single
Diplobacilus-pair
Streptobacillus-chain
Palisade- side by side

Question 4

Spiral bacteria arrangements

Answer 4

Vibrio
Spirillium- move w/ flagella, tail- flagella @ end
Spirochete- axial filament wrapped @ whole cell

Question 5

Pleomorphic

Answer 5

Variable shapes

Question 6

Prokaryote structures

Answer 6

Capsule
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Ribosomes
Pilli
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Flagella

Question 7

Glycocalyx

Answer 7

On outside of cell wall, usually polysaccharide and or polypeptide

Question 8

Capsule

Answer 8

Firmly attached to cell wall
Organized
Linked with virulence-causes diseases, pathogenic

Question 9

Slime layer

Answer 9

Loosely attached to cell wall
Disorganized
Linked with avirulence- without disease , non pathogenic

Question 10

Flagella

Answer 10

Allow bacteria to move
Is a tail like structure in assorted arrangements
Simpler than Eukaryotes flagella and are made up of protein and truly rotate
Bacteria run or tumble in response to toxin, food, or light

Phototaxis- + go toward light - away from light

Chemotaxis- + go toward something - away from something

Question 11

Arrangements of Flagella

Answer 11

Monotrichous- one hair

Lophotrichous- a lot of hair on one end

Amphitrichous- one hair on both sides

Peritrichous- a lot all over surface

Question 12

Axial filament

Answer 12

Spirochetes use these for locomotion, it wraps around the flagella and assist in movement

Question 13

Pili or fimbriae

Answer 13

Short fuzzy like hairs around cell

Question 14

Sex Pilus

Answer 14

Connect between the bacteria and another cell

Question 15

Cell Wall

Answer 15

Gram +                          
Thick peptidoglycan layer
No outer membrane
Many layers
Final color:purple 
Keeps primary stain
Ex: staphylococcus aureus

Gram -
Thin peptidoglycan layer
1 layer
Outer membrane
Final color: pink
Loses primary stain, picks up outer stain
Ex: escherichia coli

Question 16

Gram staining procedure

Answer 16

Crystal violet- primary stain
Grams iodine-Mordant
Decolorizer- takes the color out; timing is crucial
Safranin- counter stain

Question 17

Myoplasmas

Answer 17

Stain pink
Bacteria that has no cell wall
Smaller than other bacteria and can slip through bacteria filters
Have sterols in their cell membrane

Question 18

Cell membrane

Answer 18

Prokaryotes

Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
No sterols except mycoplasmas

Eukaryotes

Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Sterols 
  -animals: cholesterol
  -fungi: Ergosterol

Question 19

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 19

Consistency of olive oil, anything lipid soluable can go through via diffusion
Ex: CO2, O2

Question 20

Nuclear Area

Answer 20

Where circular chromosome is found

No membrane around the chromosome

Question 21

Plasmid

Answer 21

Extra chromosomal DNA
Can contain genes for drugs resistance
Can be copied and passed through sex pilus

Question 22

Ribosomes

Answer 22

70s ribosomes
Not a membrane bound organelle
Site of protein synthesis

Question 23

Prokaryote inclusions

Answer 23

Energy storage
Lipid inclusion: energy storage
Metachromatic granules-concentrations of phosphates- energy storage
Sulfer granules- energy storage
Carboxysomes-concentration of the enzymes needed for the dark reaction of photosynthesis where CO2 is fixed
Gas vacuoles-allow for buoyancy in water column

Question 24

Endospores

Answer 24

Made inside bacteria and the vegetative part falls off Has a copy of DNA and is very dry and dormant, sometimes for years Resists harsh conditions ex: heating, drying, radiation Germinates when conditions are favorable

Question 25

Endospores only found in two genera of bacteria

Answer 25

Bacillus- aerobic ex: bacillus anthracis, bacillus subtilis Clostridium- anaerobic ex: clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum

Question 26

Eukaryotes Organelles

Answer 26

Cell membrane- recall fluid mosaic models with sterols

Question 27

Cell wall

Answer 27

Not peptidoglycan, usually cellulose or chitin

Question 28

SER

Answer 28

Site of lipid synthesis and detoxifies lipids in cell

Question 29

RER

Answer 29

Has ribosomes; site of protein synthesis

Question 30

Ribosomes

Answer 30

Are 80s, can be free or associate with RER, where proteins are made

Question 31

Golgi body

Answer 31

Refine, package and deliver protein

Question 32

Mitochondria

Answer 32

Site of cellular respiration

Question 33

Lysosomes

Answer 33

Contain strong digestive enzymes

Question 34

Centrioles

Answer 34

Two are found in centrosome, in animals only, help with spindle fibers in mitosis

Question 35

Chloroplast

Answer 35

Membrane bound organelle in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis

Question 36

Nucleus

Answer 36

Large membrane bound organelle; contains bulk of the DNA

Question 37

Nuclear Membrane

Answer 37

Separate nucleus for rest of cell

Question 38

Nucleolus

Answer 38

Dense body of RNA within the nucleus

Question 39

Chromatin

Answer 39

Loosely coiled DNA, seen in interphase

Question 40

Chromosomes

Answer 40

Tightly coiled DNA seen in mitosis

Question 41

Microfilaments

Answer 41

Cell muscles help with the formation of the cleavage furrow in cytokinesis

Question 42

Microtubules

Answer 42

Cell skeleton gives strength to cilia flagella and spindle fibers

Question 43

History of Earth Events

Answer 43

Earth is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old Prokaryotes first appeared in the fossil record 3.5 billion yrs ago Eukaryotes first appeared in the fossil record 2 billion yrs ago

Question 44

Theories of where Eukaryotes came from

Answer 44

Autogenous theory- infolding cell membrane, perhaps gave rise to the nucleus and ER Endosymbiont theory- a small prokaryote began living inside of a larger prokaryote and lost the ability to live independently

Question 45

Evidence for Endosymbiont theory

Answer 45

Mitochondria and chloroplast both have there own DNA, have 70s ribosomes, and can divide independent of the nucleus