Micro Ex 2: Medias & Metabolism Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 types of medias?
A
selective & differentiate
2
Q
selective means
A
to choose
3
Q
differentiate means
A
to compare
4
Q
What are the 3 types of Hemolysis?
A
beta-hemolysis, alpha-hemolysis & gamma-hemolysis
5
Q
define beta-hemolysis
A
complete hemolysis:produces a toxin destroys blood cells
6
Q
define alpha hemolysis
A
partial hemolysis
7
Q
define gamma hemolysis
A
no hemolysis: no change in blood cells
8
Q
define hemolysis
A
blood cell lysising (splitting/dividing)
9
Q
What type of agar is in the blood agar/hemolysis?
A
sterile sheep agar
10
Q
Describe the appearance of beta hemolysis?
A
clear
11
Q
Describe the appearance of alpha hemolysis?
A
green
12
Q
Describe the appearance of gamma hemolysis?
A
Remains color of the blood agar
13
Q
What are the 2 types of Staph common on people?
A
Staphylococcus aureus & Staphylococcus epidermidis
14
Q
What stain color is the Staphylococcus aureus?
A
yellow
15
Q
What stain color is the Staphylococcus epidermidis?
A
pink
16
Q
Example of both selective & differentiate media.
A
mannitol salt agar
17
Q
What is the NaCl percentage for mannitol salt agar?
A
7.5%
18
Q
True or False: mannitol salt agar inhibits bacteria
A
true
19
Q
Is Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar a selective or differentiate media?
A
selective
20
Q
True or false: the Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar does not inhibit bacteria?
A
false
21
Q
What is the pH of Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar?
A
5.6
22
Q
What are the 2 types of metabolisms?
A
catabolism & anabolism
23
Q
Define catabolism
A
breaking down large molecules into smaller ones
24
Q
Define anabolism
A
building small molecules into larger molecules
25
name some examples of catabolism
the digestive system, glycolysis & krebs cycle
26
name some examples of anabolism
DNA synthesis, DNA replication & protein synthesis
27
list the 6 classes of enzymes (S.H.I.T.L.O)
synthetase=polymerase=ligase; hydrolase; transferase; isomerase; lyase; oxidoreductase
28
Classes of enzymes: moves a functional group between molecules
transferase
29
Classes of enzymes: causes a double bond to break or to form
lyase
30
Classes of enzymes: rearranges the atoms within a molecule
isomerase
31
Classes of enzymes: causes the loss or gain of Hydrogen and/or electrons
oxidoreductase
32
Classes of enzymes: breaks large molecules into smaller ones, by adding water
Hydrolase
33
Classes of enzymes: builds small molecules into larger molecules
Sythetase=polymerase=ligase
34
describe synthetase
synthesis
35
describe polymerase
chains of repeating units
36
Give an example of a polymerase
glycogen (glucose=monomer)
37
describe ligase
2 things combined together
38
What happens when there is less potential energy?
oxidation is loss
39
What happens when there is more potential energy?
reduction is gain
40
Oxidation is
loss
41
Reduction is
gain
42
What are the 2 elements of an organic molecule?
Carbon & Hydrogen
43
FADH2 -->
FAD
44
C6H12O6 -->
CO2
45
Give 2 examples of C6H12O6
glucose, fructose or galactose
46
NADH -->
NAD
47
What is usable energy?
ATP
48
What is potential energy?
NADH
49
Define substrate
the molecule(s) that is changed by the enzyme
50
Describe enzymes
- usually proteins (complicated, delicate, unique 3D structures)
- biological catalysts
- reused
- usually ends in "-ase"
51
Define catalyst
speeds up reaction
52
define enzyme helpers
attach to the enzyme & complete the shape
| alter it then substrate can attach
53
When the enzyme helpers fail what happens to metabolism?
it decreases because the shape wasn't completed or altered therefore it can't connect with substrate
54
Describe cofactor
inorganic minerals
55
Give examples of a cofactor
calcium & magnesium
56
describe coenzyme
organic vitamin
57
Give examples of a coenzyme
Vitamin B12 & folic acid
58
Give an example of an activation energy
CO2 in H2O --> carbonic acid & hydrogen ions
Activation energy is higher & reaction itself is slower outside the body (7up). Inside our RBC's have enzymes that catalyze this process using less activation energy
59
Describe the graph of enzyme activity & temperature
10*C= not denatured; 37*C=optimal; 50*C= denatured
60
Describe the graph of enzyme activity & pH
pH 0= denatured; pH 7= optimal; pH 10(+)= denatured
61
Describe the graph of enzyme activity & concentration
Ex: lactase --> lactose (start with lactase add bits of lactose to reach saturation point)
62
Describe saturation
completely covered or supplying so much of something that no more is wanted
63
What happens right after ~P?
Production of ATP
64
What class of enzymes is pyruvate kinase?
transferase
65
What class of enzymes is aldose?
lyase
66
List Products of Glycolysis
2 pyruvic acids, 2 NADH, 2ATP
67
List the reactants of Intermediate Step
2 pyruvic acids
68
List the products of Intermediate Step
```
2 CO2(waste; oxidized)
2 NADH (reduced)
2 Acetyl-CoA
```
69
List the reactants of Krebs Cycle
2 Acetyl-CoA(2C)
70
List the products of Krebs Cycle
```
6 NADH(reduced)
2 FADH2(reduced)
4 CO2(waste)
2 ATP
```
71
List the reactants of Electron Transport Chain
```
all NADH(10)
all FADH2(2)
O2
```
72
List the products of Electron Transport Chain
34 ATP
| H2O
73
What is the final electron acceptor in ETC?
O2
74
Krebs Cycle in Eukaryotes takes place in the?
Mitochondrial Matrix
75
Krebs Cycle in Prokaryotes takes place in the?
Cytoplasm
76
ETC in Eukaryotes takes place in the?
Mitochondrial Cristae
77
ETC in Prokaryotes takes place in the?
Cell Membrane
78
In the ETC O2 if needed 1 NADH equals how many ATP; 1 FADH2 equals how many ATP?
1 NADH --> 3 ATP
| 1 FADH2 --> 2 ATP
79
Calculating Energy: How many ATP is produced in Glycolysis?
6 ATP (because 2 NADH x 3 = 6)
80
Calculating Energy: How many ATP is produced in Intermediate Step?
6 ATP (because of 2 NADH x 3 = 6)
81
Calculating Energy: How many ATP is produced in the Krebs Cycle?
22 ATP (because of 6 NADH x 3 = 18; 2 FADH2 x 2 = 4)
82
Calculating Energy: How many ATP total is produced in the ETC?
34 ATP (6 ATP: GLycolysis + 6 ATP: Int. Step + 22 ATP: Krebs Cycle = 34 ATP total)
83
Why is blood red?
the iron hemoglobin holds iron w/in RBC's
84
What grows on blood agar?
everything
85
Which media loses RBC's?
beta hemolysis
86
Does bacteria grow on Gamma Hemolysis? Explain
yes; no change in RBC's, where colony is changed
87
Which hemolysis is the one we want in us?
Gamma Hemolysis
88
Where is Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar often used?
the industries
89
Which media compares and contrasts between types of microbes?
differential media
90
Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar is selective for?
fungi
91
What does acid do?
makes pH drop
92
What is the pH indicator?
Phenol Red
93
Mannitol Salt Agar starts out what color?
Red
94
When pH drops what color is the MSA?
yellow
95
What bacteria grows on MSA rapidly and changes the color to "yellow"?
Staphylococcus aureus
96
If the MSA is pink what kind of Staph is it?
Staphylococcus epidermidis
97
Is streptococcus a halophile?
no
98
Define metabolism
all chemical reactions in living cells & organisms
99
Describe catabolism in glycolysis
glucose broken down to pyruvate
100
Food molecules will have C & H together unless they are what?
Photosynthetic organism
101
What makes NADH, FADH2 & C6H12O6 reduced?
Has hydrogens
102
NADH is what derivative?
Niacin derivative
103
FADH2 is what derivative?
Riboflavin derivative
104
How do we get energy from ATP?
by breaking high energy phosphate (~P) bonds
105
What has more calories, hydrogens & potential energy than carbs?
fats
106
Name 2 enzyme helpers
cofactor & coenzyme
107
What is a catalystic site?
active site where an enzyme fits with a substrate
108
What needs to be presented at he catalytic/active site inorder for an enzyme to fit w/ a substrate?
cofactor and/or coenzyme
109
Define holioenzyme
enzyme w/ a cofactor and/or coenzyme needed
110
Define apoenzyme
enzyme w/o a cofactor or coenzyme; cant work alone
111
Which are larger Enzymes or Substrates? Explain
Enzymes b/c they are big proteins
112
Define flat lining (graph for enzyme activity and concentration)
when you have more substrates than enzymes
113
Define Negative Feedback Inhibition
Excess product inhibits pathway
- by binding on an enzyme in the pathway
- changing shape and blocking the pathway
114
When does Negative Feedback happen?
early on in the pathway
115
How many steps can pathways be?
any number of steps
116
When should a pathway be stopped?
When theres excess products not being used
117
Give an example of a pathway & # of steps.
Glycolysis-10
118
How is a pathway stopped?
- a product attaches to an earlier enzyme in the pathway
- inhibiting the substrate from changing shape
- moves along the path
119
When does the pathway start again after it has been stopped?
when there's no longer enough product
120
Why are pathways stopped?
- cells want to make maximum use of Rx's
| - waste of products when it could be used for other Rx's
121
When do we want a pathway to continue?
when the product is being used as its made
122
Which 2 mechanisms can turn a pathway on and off?
- a product attaching to an early enzyme
| - genetic control
123
What kind of molecule is pyruvate?
3 carbon molecule
124
Describe glucose as a molecule structurally
- 6 C sugar
- C1: Aldehyde group
- lots of OH groups
125
The aldehyde group on glucose is also known as what?
Terminal Carbonyl
126
Kinase moves what functional group between molecules?
phosphate groups
127
Which enzyme moves the phosphate off ATP onto the Glucose 6-phosphate?
Hexokinase
128
Where does the phosphate come from on the 1st carbon in glycolysis?
ATP
129
What stages of glycolysis do we spend ATP? A total of how many spent?
Step 1 & 3; total of 2 ATP
130
What are the functional groups on Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate & their location?
1st C: Ketone group
3rd C: Phosphate group
2nd C:OH group
131
What is the most common pathway?
Glycolysis
132
What pathway is used by a lot of bacteria & cyanobacteria?
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
133
What types of Rx is Pentose Phosphate Pathway used for?
Anabolic Rx
134
In pentose phosphate pathway, what substrate does it start with?
glucose
135
What is ribose used for?
used when cells need to make nucleotides
136
Bacteria that modifies ribose nucleotides changes ribose to what?
Deoxyribose
137
What is the Calvin-Benson Cycle of photosynthesis?
DArk reaction in photosynthesis
138
What uses the Calvin-Benson/Dark Reaction of photosynthesis?
Cyanobacterium
139
What is the purpose of Calvin-Benson Cycle?
- fixing carbon sugars to make glucose
- make bigger sugars(6-C sugars)
- used to make nucleotides
140
Which pathway does cells make nucleotides?
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
141
What pathway do cells use if they need to make amino acids?
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
142
So, Pentose Phosphate Pathway is use for what?
making nucleotides and amino acids
143
What is the universal pathway?
Glycolysis
144
Aside from Pentose Phosphate Pathway, what is the other alternative pathway?
Entner-Douoroff Pathway
145
Entner-Douoroff Pathway: what bacteria is used in this pathway?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
146
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: what is the Gram stain & shape?
Gram (-)
| rod
147
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: where does it live?
unusual & harsh environments
148
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: have unusual enzymes that does what?
break down caustic organic molecules to make food
149
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: what do they use for food?
caustic organic molecules
150
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it used in warm water for oil spills?
metabolize oil quickly
151
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it not used in cold water --> Alaska?
metabolism is slow
152
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it pathogenic to us?
likes body temperature: 37*C
153
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: name an example of where they live.
artificial nails
154
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: why is it a big problem in healthcare?
it breaks down disinfectants & breaks down/consumes antibiotics
155
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: give example of who could die from this bacteria when infected right away.
- newborns
- people in ICU
- people w/ comprised immunity
156
What do some yeast do with pyruvic acid?
produces CO2 & Ethenol (drinkable alcohol)
157
What is the film outside of grapes? What is its purpose?
Film-yeast
| Purpose-ferments sugars & produces waste(CO2) & Ethenol
158
What makes the big holes in swiss cheese?
CO2 thats accumulated
159
What does Clostridium produce?
Acetone & Isoproponal (rubbing alcohol)
160
What is the product of making vinegar?
acetic acid
161
Is fermentation anaerobic or aerobic?
anaerobic
162
Is energy(ATP) produced in fermentation?
No (only 2 ATP from Glycolysis)
163
List 4 possible fermentation products. The products are called what?
```
Lactic Acid
Ethanol
CO2
Acetic Acid
(Diagnostic)
```
164
What is phosphorylation & where do phosphates come from?
Phosphorylation-makes ATP
| Phosphates comes from substrates
165
Phosphorylation: what is the source of the phosphates?
inorganic phosphates just floating around
166
Phosphorylation: what is the source of energy?
H+
| proton gradient
167
Phosphorylation: where does it take place?
on a membrane (inner membrane of mitochondria)
168
Phosphorylation: make ATP's using what?
sunlight
169
Phosphorylation: what kind of phosphates are used?
inorganic phosphates
