Micro Ex 3: Disease Terms

Question 1

Microorganism that causes diseases: bacterial, viral, protozoans & parasitic are known as

Answer 1

Pathogen

Question 2

Define Etiology

Answer 2

cause of

Question 3

An invasion of the body of pathogens, normally numbers are increasing (ex: papercut)

Answer 3

infection

Question 4

Define Disease

Answer 4

occurs when an infection causes a change in the state of health

Question 5

organisms that sometimes show up for a short period of time like a few weeks and then disappear (ex: mold from gardening, if not the right host than the organism moves along)

Answer 5

Transient Flora

Question 6

microorganisms that normally live on us or in us without causing disease under normal conditions (when they are found where they’re supposed to be)

Answer 6

Normal Flora

Question 7

once established, the normal flora prevent overgrowth by harmful bacteria (this is thrown off when one takes antibiotics)

Answer 7

microbial antagonism

Question 8

Define Symbiosis

Answer 8

two different species living together

Question 9

Type of symbiosis:
[win/draw]- host in unaffected & microorganism wins (ex: us and some of the normal flora that live off secretions like some bacteria that live on the cornea and external genitalia)

Answer 9

commensalism

Question 10

Type of symbiosis:
[win/win]- both the host and the microorganism benefit like us and E. coli (E. coli gets a home and we get Vitamin K needed for blood clotting)

Answer 10

mutualism

Question 11

Type of symbiosis:

[win/lose]- the host(us) is harmed and the bacteria benefit like us and Streptococcus pyogenes (causing strep throat)

Answer 11

Parasitism

Question 12

Define Opportunists

Answer 12

“Potential Pathogens,” normal flora that do not cause disease in a healthy person when they are confined to their normal habitat

Question 13

a disease that spreads from host to host, either directly or indirectly (TB, common cold, chickenpox & gonorrhea)

Answer 13

communicable disease

Question 14

communicable diseases that are easily spread (chickenpox or measles)

Answer 14

contagious disease

Question 15

a disease that is NOT spread from host to host (tetanus or a yeast infection after taking antibiotics)

Answer 15

noncommunicable disease

Question 16

a disease that occurs in awhile; rare ( ex: the plague in the U.S.)

Answer 16

sporadic disease

Question 17

a disease that is constantly present in a population (ex: a common cold in the population of students in COM)

Answer 17

endemic disease

Question 18

a disease that occurs in many of a given population in a short period of time (ex: flu)

Answer 18

epidemic disease

Question 19

a disease that develops slowly and lasts a long time or reoccurs (ex: TB & infectious mononucleosis)

Answer 19

chronic disease

Question 20

a disease that comes on fast and is over fast; fast recovery or fast death (ex: common cold, Ebola-w/in 10 days fatal, & flu)

Answer 20

acute disease

Question 21

a disease in which the causative agent is inactive for a time and then becomes active to cause signs and symptoms (ex: shingles- Varicella-Zoster Virus)

Answer 21

latent disease

Question 22

Define local infection

Answer 22

infection is limited to one area like a boil

Question 23

an infection is spread throughout the body usually via blood or lymph like measles

Answer 23

systemic infection

Question 24

an infection spreads from one location to another, like a Staphylococcus infection in a boil spreading to the bone causing osteomyelitis

Answer 24

focal infection

Question 25

Define Bacteremia

Answer 25

bacteria in the blood

Question 26

Define Septicema

Answer 26

bacteria growing in the blood

Question 27

Define Toxemia

Answer 27

toxins in the blood (like the toxin from tetanus)

Question 28

Define Viremia

Answer 28

viruses in the blood

Question 29

the first infection, usually an acute infection that causes the initial infection like a cold or the flu

Answer 29

Primary infection

Question 30

EMIA means

Answer 30

blood

Question 31

usually an opportunist that comes in following a primary infection, like pneumonia after a cold or flu

Answer 31

secondary infection

Question 32

an infection that causes no noticeable signs or symptoms (ex: hepatitis A & polio)

Answer 32

sub-clinical infection

Question 33

after effects of a disease like paralysis after polio or deafness after rubella (German measles)

Answer 33

Sequelae

Question 34

organism has become resistant to antibiotic and is growing or growth of an opportunistic pathogen after a broad spectrum antibiotic has been used and killed the target organism

Answer 34

superinfection

Question 35

Define Reservoir of Infection

Answer 35

the source of the infection (lives and multiples here)

Question 36

Human reservoirs are known as

Answer 36

carriers (ex: streptococcal infections, AIDS and Hepatitis)

Question 37

Animal Reservoirs are known as

Answer 37

zoonoses (ex: rabies, anthrax, Lyme disease and beef tapeworms)

Question 38

List some examples for nonliving reservoirs

Answer 38

(in soil)- botulism; (in water)- cholera

Question 39

Transmission of Disease: Contact: | STDs

Answer 39

Direct contact transmission

Question 40

Transmission of Disease: Contact: | Example of an Indirect contact transmission

Answer 40

fomite- inanimate object that helps spread disease like a phone or a toy at daycare

Question 41

Transmission of Disease: Contact: | droplets travel less than one meter from reservoir to host

Answer 41

droplet transmission

Question 42

Transmission of Disease: Vehicle: | Cholera is an example of what

Answer 42

waterborone

Question 43

Transmission of Disease: Vehicle: | food poisoning is an example of what

Answer 43

foodborone

Question 44

Transmission of Disease: Vehicle: | measles; tuberculosis is an example of what

Answer 44

airborone

Question 45

Transmission of Disease: | Define Vectors

Answer 45

usually arthropods; animals that carry pathogens from one host to another

Question 46

Transmission of Disease: Vectors: passive transport like a fly landing of feces containing Shigella that causes bacillary dysentery and than landing on food

Answer 46

mechanical vectors

Question 47

Transmission of Disease: Vectors: the infectious organism spends part of its life cycle in the biological vector like malaria spread through the bite on a mosquito

Answer 47

biological vectors

Question 48

Development of Disease: | organisms are dividing no signs or symptoms, no clue that one is ill, may be contagious

Answer 48

period of incubation

Question 49

Development of Disease: organisms are dividing, general malaise achy, lousy, feeling and usually no distinct signs and symptoms, may be contagious

Answer 49

prodromal period

Question 50

Development of Disease: organisms are dividing characteristics signs and symptoms, may be contagious (death occurs here if not responsive to medical intervention or the body's defenses doesn't work)

Answer 50

period of illness=clinical stage

Question 51

Development of Disease: | organisms are decreasing, signs and symptoms are decreasing

Answer 51

period of decline

Question 52

Development of Disease: | body returns to normal (some diseases can still be spread during this period)

Answer 52

period of convalescence

Question 53

Define Epidemology

Answer 53

study of diseases, such as how are they spread, who gets them, when do they occur, where do they occur, etc

Question 54

List 3 portals of entry that are possible to get a disease

Answer 54

mucous membranes skin parenteral route (under skin like bite, puncture wound, suture: injury into the skin)

Question 55

List 5 ways bacteria and viruses stick or adhere

Answer 55

``` fimbriae (nonmotile appendages) glycocalyx (slime layer or capsule) flagella hooks (worm parasitic) suckers (worms parasitic) ```

Question 56

What does LD 50 mean?

Answer 56

is the numbers of microbes that KILL 50% of the test animals (lethal dose for 50% of hosts)

Question 57

What does LD 100 mean?

Answer 57

is the number of microbes that KILL 100% of the test animals (lethal dose for 100% of hosts)

Question 58

What does ID 50 mean?

Answer 58

is the number of microbes that it takes to INFECT 50% of the test animals (infectious dose for 50% of hosts)

Question 59

What does ID 100 mean?

Answer 59

is the number of microbes that it takes to INFECT 100% of the test animals (infectious dose for 100% of hosts)

Question 60

What is the ID 50 of cholera? ID 100?

Answer 60

ID 50: 100,000,000 | ID 100: 1,000,000,000

Question 61

What is the ID 100 for rabies? TB? Gonorrhea?

Answer 61

Rabies: 10 virus particles TB: 10 bacterial cells Gonorrhea: 1000 bacterial cells

Question 62

List 5 Nonspecific Immunity

Answer 62

Unbroken Skin Interferon: blocks viral replication; enhancer Inflammation response: release histamine (swell, heat & pain) Phagocytosis: WBCs (neutrophils & macrophages) eats Fever: cuts down free iron, iron-cofactor

Question 63

What is adaptive or specific immunity?

Answer 63

normally includes antibodies being made and working against antigens (foreign entities like toxins and microbes)

Question 64

Describe Passive Immunity

Answer 64

person receives antibodies from someone else-shorter lasting

Question 65

Describe Active Immunity

Answer 65

person makes own antibodies-lasts longer

Question 66

Describe Naturally Acquired for Passive Immunity

Answer 66

antibodies passing through the placenta to the fetus or antibodies in breast milk

Question 67

Describe Artificially Acquired for Passive Immunity

Answer 67

antibodies given by injection like -gamma globulin shot before active duty overseas -immunoglobulin shot for rabies anti-venom for snake

Question 68

Describe Artificially Acquired for Active Immunity

Answer 68

one gets vaccinated for something & makes antibodies and avoids illness - flu vaccine - polio vaccine - any vaccine

Question 69

Describe Naturally Acquired for Active Immunity

Answer 69

get disease and recover, for virus: will remain in body for a lifetime (dormant) - chickenpox - flu

Question 70

Primary stage of Active Immunity

Answer 70

expose to antigen (foreign microbe) | -B cells/T helper cells (plasma --> antibodies, '5-10 days,' memory cells dormant)

Question 71

Secondary stage of Active Immunity

Answer 71

faster due to memory cells: plasma cells --> antibodies, '1-3 days'