Microbio Chapter 11- The Prokaryotes: Domains of EUbacteria Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
What are the subdivisions of Gram negative bacteria?
A
- Proteobacteria
- Independent groups (aka Other)
2
Q
What are the subdivisions of Proteobacteria?
A
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma
- Delta (not important)
- Epsilon
3
Q
What are the independent groups?
A
- Chlamydiae
- Bacteroidetes
- Fusobacterium
- Spirochetes
4
Q
What are the subdivisions of Gram positive bacteria?
A
Low G+C
High G+C
5
Q
What is G+C?
A
Guanine and cytosine ratio
6
Q
What is the name of LOW G+C bacteria called?
A
Fermicutes
7
Q
A Type of Alpha proteobacteria?
A
Rickettsia rickettsii
8
Q
Rickettsia rickettsii: Shape
A
Rods/ Coccobacillus
9
Q
Rickettsia rickettsii: Respiration
A
Aerobic
10
Q
Rickettsia rickettsii: How do they spread?
A
Insect/ ticks (Are a parasite)
11
Q
Rickettsia rickettsii: Causes
A
Spotted fever (Damages Cardiovascular system)
12
Q
Types of Beta proteobacteria?
A
A) Bordetella pertussis
B) Neisseria
13
Q
Bordetella pertussis: Shape
A
Bacillus
14
Q
Bordetella pertussis: Respiration
A
Aerobic
15
Q
Bordetella pertussis: Structure
A
Capsule
16
Q
Bordetella pertussis: Causes
A
Whooping cough
17
Q
What are the types of Neisseria? (Beta)
A
a. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
b. Neisseria meningitis
18
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Shape
A
Dipplococci
19
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Respiration
A
Aerobic
20
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Structure
A
Capsule and fimbrae
21
Q
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: causes
A
Gonorrhoea
22
Q
Neisseria meningitis: Shape
A
Dipplococci
23
Q
Neisseria meningitis: Respiration
A
Aerobic
24
Q
Neisseria meningitis: Structure
A
Capsule
25
Neisseria meningitis: Causes
Meningitis
26
Types of Gamma proteobacteria?
A) Pseudomonadales
B) Legionellales
C) Vibrionales
D) Enteriobacteriales
E) Pasteurellales
27
Types of Pseudomonadales?
a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
b. Moraxella lacunata
28
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Shape
Rods
29
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Respiration
Aerobic
- The best psychrotrophs
30
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Structure
Monotrichous or Lophotrichous flagella
31
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Produce pigment?
A blue/green pigment called Pyocyanin is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
32
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Causes
1. Blue/green Pus in burn patients
2. UTI
3. Speticema
4. Pink eye
33
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Spread
Spread easily in hospitals because they love carbon
e.g, Antibiotics and antiseptics
34
Moraxella lacunata: Shape
Coccobacilli
35
Moraxella lacunata: Respiration
Aerobic
36
Moraxella lacunata: Causes
Pink eye
37
Types of Legionellales?
a. Legionella pneumophila
b. Coxiella burnetti
38
Legionella pneumophila: Shape
Bacillus/ Rods
39
Legionella pneumophila: Respiration
Aerobic
40
Legionella pneumophila: Spread by?
Contaminated water sources
e.g; AC units, Hot water tanks, shower heads
-not spread via humans
41
Legionella pneumophila: Causes
2 forms of Pneumonia:
1. Legionaire's disease (Fatal)
2. Pontiac fever (mild)
42
Coxiella burnetti: Shape
Bacillus/ rods
43
Coxiella burnetti: Respiration
Aerobic
44
Coxiella burnetti: Structure
ENDOSPORES
-Only gram-neg bacteria with endospores
45
Coxiella burnetti: Spread by?
Harbored in Animals (Cattle) and spread through unpasteurised milk and aerosols
46
Coxiella burnetti: Causes
Q-fever (type of pneumonia)
47
A type of Vibrionales?
Vibrio cholerae
48
Vibrio cholerae: shape
Vibrio (curved rod)
49
Vibrio cholerae: respiration
Facultative anaerobic
-Grow faster when O2 is present but can still grow without O2
50
Vibrio cholerae: Structure
Monotrichous flagella
51
Vibrio cholerae: Causes
Rice-water stools
52
Types of Enteriobacteriales?
a. Escherichia coli
b. Salmonella
c. Shigella dysenteriae
53
All Enteriobacteriales; Shape
Bacillus (rods)
54
All Enteriobacteriales: Respiration
Facultative anaerobes
55
All Enteriobacteriales: Structure
Peritrichous flagella
Pili/pilus
56
What is an enteric?
All Enteriobacteriales
-GI tract loving
Kill and destroy all other bacteria
57
All Enteriobacteriales: produce
Bacteriocin
-Peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of a closely related strain
58
why is Escherichia coli a lab pet?
Grows easily
59
What do regulatory agencies test for in water?
Coliform
60
Escherichia coli: Causes
Travellers diarrhoea (hospitals)
UTI
HUS (Haemolytic uremic syndrome)
61
What does HUS cause?
hemolysis and kidney failure
62
Escherichia coli: Spread by?
Food borne illness
e.g; ground beef
63
What are the types of Salmonella?
a. Salmonella typhi
b. Salmonella enterica
64
Salmonella enterica: Spread by?
Food source
65
Salmonella typhi: Spread by?
A human carrier
66
Salmonella typhi: Causes
Severe GI infection
67
What does Shigella dysenteriea produce?
Shiga toxin
68
What is shiga toxin?
A bacterial protein toxin that inhibits protein synthesis that destroys cell which leaves a scar, most commonly in the intestines
69
Shigella dysenteriea: Spread by?
Fecal matter
-commonly spread in day cares
70
What is a type of pasteurellales?
Hemophilus influenza
71
Hemophilus influenza: Shape
Coccobacilli
72
Hemophilus influenza: Respiration
Aerobic
73
Haemophilus influenza: Structure
Capsule
74
Why is Haemophilus influenza blood-loving?
The bacteria uses the X factor and V factor from the blood to grow. As the bacteria itself is missing both factors.
75
What is the X factor?
Cytochrome
76
What is the V factor?
NAD or NADP
77
Haemophilus influenza: Causes
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
---> NOT INFLUENZA!! <---
78
What are types of epsilon proteobacteria?
1. Helicobacter pylori
2. Complyobacter jejuni
79
Helicobacter pylori: Shape
Vibrio
80
Helicobacter pylori: Respiration
Microaerophile
81
Helicobacter pylori: Structure
Peritrichous flagella
82
Helicobacter pylori: Causes
Stomach ulcers
83
Complyobacter jejuni: Shape
Vibrio
84
Complyobacter jejuni: respiration
Microaerophile
85
Complyobacter jejuni: Structure
Monotrichous flagella
86
Complyobacter jejuni: Causes
Gastroenteritis
87
What is a common type of Chlamydiae?
Chlamydiae trachomatis
88
Chlamydiae trachomatis: Shape
Coccobacilli
89
Chlamydiae trachomatis: respiration
Aerobic
90
Chlamydiae trachomatis: Spread by?
Airborne routes or interpersonal contact
e.g Fomites
91
Chlamydiae trachomatis: causes
Trachoma (Blindness)
Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
Lympho-Granuloma Venereum
92
How long is the Chlamydiae life cycle?
48 hours
93
What does the Chlamydiae start off as in their life cycle?
An elementary body
94
What is an elementary body?
A bacteria's infectious form that attaches to a host cell
95
What does the elementary turn into after the host cell phagocytizes it? (Chlamydiae life cycle)
The elementary body is housed inside the vacuole and it then reorganises into a RETICULATE BODY
96
What do the reticulate bodies do during the Chlamydiae life cycle?
They multiply and then convert back to elementary bodies which are then released from the host cell and the cycle continues
97
Bacteroidetes species: Shape
Rods/ bacillus
98
Bacteroidetes species: Respiration
Anaerobic
99
Bacteroidetes species: Causes
Gingivitis and Peritonitis
100
What is Gingivitis?
Pus forms between the tooth and gum causing inflammation and eventually could result in losing teeth
101
Fusobacterium species: Shape
Bacillus/rods
102
Fusobacterium species: Respiration
Anaerobes
103
Fusobacterium species: Causes
Gingivitis
104
What is a type of Spirochetes?
Treponema pallidum
105
Treponema pallidum: Causes
An STD (Syphilis)
106
How is Treponema pallidum grown?
Only in live bodies e.g; Rabbits
(No in vitro)
107
Why could there be a potential vaccine for Treponema pallidum?
Because it's genome is fully mapped
108
What are the types of Firmicutes? (Low G+C gram positive)
1. Clostridiales
2. Bacillales
3. Lactobacillales
4.Mycoplasmatales
109
What are the types of Clostridiales?
A. Clostridium
B. Clostridioides
110
What are specific types of Clostridium?
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens
111
What is a specific type of Clostridioide?
Clostridioides difficile
112
All clostridiales: Shape
Bacillus (rods)
113
All clostridiales: Respiration
Anaerobes
114
All clostridiales: Structure
Endospore
"Lollipop rods"
115
All clostridiales: Spread by?
Soil
116
What are specific types of Bacillales?
A. Bacillus anthracis
B. Staphylococcus aureus
117
Bacillus anthracis: Shape
Bacillus (rods)
118
Bacillus anthracis: Respiration
Facultative anaerobe
-Still considered aerobic
119
Bacillus anthracis: Structure
Endospores
120
Bacillus anthracis: Spread by?
Soil
121
What was Bacillus anthracis used as during 9/11?
A bioweapon
122
Bacillus anthracis: Causes
Anthrax
123
Staphylococcus aureus: Shape
Clusters (Staphylococcus)
124
Staphylococcus aureus: Respiration
Facultative anaerobe
125
Staphylococcus aureus: Grows in?
Special media
126
Staphylococcus aureus: Colour
Gold
127
Staphylococcus aureus: Causes
Skin infections (Sty), Toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning
128
Types of Lactobacillales?
A. Lactobacillus
B. Streptococcus
C. Listeria
D. Enterococcus
129
Are Lactobacillus sp. pathogenic?
Not really
130
Lactobacillus sp.: Respiration
Aerotolerant anaerobes (Fermenters)
131
Lactobacillus sp.: Shape
Bacillus
132
Where is Lactobacillus sp. used?
Commercially and in hospitals
133
What is Lactobacillus sp. commercial use?
Probiotics
134
What is Lactobacillus sp. hospital use?
For women health
135
What does Lactobacillus sp. do in regards to women's health?
-During puberty estrogen triggers the production of Lactobacilli in the vagina to create a sterile environment (acidic)
-During pregnancy, lactobacilli is used as a protective mechanism (Increases population) as it the first bacteria a newborn comes in contact with
136
All Streptococcus are in chains EXCEPT?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
137
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Shape
Dipplococci
138
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Structure
Capsule
139
Types of streptococcus?
A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Streptococcus mutans
C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
140
Streptococcus pneumoniae: Causes
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Otitis media
141
Streptococcus pyogenes: Shape
Streptococcus (a Chain)
142
all Streptococcus: Respiration
Aerotolerant
143
Streptococcus pyogenes: Structure
Doesn't have a capsule to attach, instead uses M-protein
144
Streptococcus pyogenes: Causes
Skin infections
Strep throat
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever
Otitis media
145
Streptococcus pyogenes: Grows in?
Blood agar
-Produces clear zones due to beta- hemolysis
146
Streptococcus mutans: Shape
Streptococcus (Chains)
147
Streptococcus mutans: structure
Capsule
148
Streptococcus mutans: Causes
Tooth decay
149
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pneumoniae: Grow in?
Blood agar
-Non-beta haemolytic
150
What is a type of listeria?
Listeria monocytogenes
151
Listeria monocytogenes: Shape
Bacillus
152
Listeria monocytogenes: Respiration
Facultative anaerobe
153
Listeria monocytogenes: grow in what temperature?
Cold
-Psychotrophs
154
Listeria monocytogenes: Spread by
Spoiled foods
-Cold cuts (deli meat)
-Premade Salad
-Soft cheeses
155
Listeria monocytogenes: Causes
Listeriosis (food borne illness, food poisoning like symptoms)
156
Why is Listeria monocytogenes dangerous during pregnancy?
If infected the mother may have a miscarriage, still born or an ill newborn
157
What are some types of Enterococcus bacteria?
A. Enterococcus faecalis
B. Enterococcus faecium
158
Enterococcus: Shape
Coccus
159
Enterococcus: Respiration
Facultative anaerobe
160
Why are enterococcus described as hardy?
They are very resistant and can survive easily in air, bedding, hands
-Healthcare-associated infections
161
Enterococcus: Causes
Catheter infections
UTI
Surgical wound infections
162
Enterococcus: spread by?
Fecal matter
163
Type of mycoplasma?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
164
Why are mycoplasma atypical?
Have NO cell wall
-Pleomorphic
165
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Appearance
Fried-egg shape
166
Mycoplasma pneumoniae have _______ in their plasma membrane
Sterols
167
Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Causes
Walking pneumonia
-milder lung infection
-Young adults are more susceptible
168
How is walking pneumonia treated?
Tetracycline
169
What are types of HIGH G+C bacteria?
1. Mycobacterium sp.
2. Corynebacterium
3. Propionibacterium sp.
170
Mycobacterium contain?
Mycolic acid
171
Mycobacterium: Shape
Bacillus (rods)
172
Mycobacterium: respiration
Aerobic
173
Mycobacterium use what kind of stain?
Acid-fast stain
-Their diagnosis is more reliable
174
What are Mycobacterium resistant to because of the mycolic acid?
Desiccation
Antiseptics
Antibiotics
175
How do Mycobacterium grow?
Grow very slowly: Nutrients enter slowly making colonies appear at around 20 hours of growth
176
Examples of Mycobacterium?
Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
177
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Shape
Bacillus (rods)
178
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Respiration
Facultative anaerobe
179
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Staining appearance
Picket fence or Chinese alphabet because they are pleomorphic
180
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Site of colonisation appearance
Pseudomembrane forms causing a leather like appearance
181
Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Causes
Diphtheria
(An upper respiratory tract infection)
182
Is Corynebacterium diphtheriae preventable?
Yes, the D Tap vaccine provides immunity against infection
183
What is a type of Propionibacterium?
Propionibacterium acnes
184
Propionibacterium acnes: Shape
Bacillus
185
Propionibacterium acnes: Respiration
Anaerobic
186
Why is Propionibacterium used for Swiss cheese?
They can be fermenters
187
How does Propionibacterium affect Swiss cheese?
Adds flavour (nutty) and creates holes (CO2)
188
What is the end product that creates Swiss cheese flavour?
Propionic acid
189
Propionibacterium acnes: Causes
Acne
190
What else is involved in acne formation other than bacteria?
Hormones
191
How is Propionibacterium acnes treated?
Can be treated without use of antibiotics
e.g; Benzoyl peroxide, routine cleaning
