Microbio Chapter 22- Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Question 1

What are the names of some bacteria diseases affecting the nervous system?

Answer 1

a. Meningitis
b. Tetanus
c. Botulism
d. Leprosy

Question 2

What are the initial symptoms of meningitis?

Answer 2

1. Fever/headaches
2. Nausea, vommiting

Question 3

What do the initial symptoms of meningitis progress to?

Answer 3

Stiff neck, kerning’s sign and convulsions, coma and death

Question 4

Over how many hours do meningitis symptoms take to progress?

Answer 4

~24hours

Question 5

How is meningitis diagnosed?

Answer 5

CSF sample by a spinal tap

Question 6

How is meningitis spinal tap sample stained?

Answer 6

A gram stain, cultured and serology tested for different strains

Question 7

How is bacterial meningitis treated?

Answer 7

3rd gen Cephalosporins

Question 8

What are the main causes (bacterias) of meningitis?

Answer 8

a. Haemophilus influenza
b. Neisseiria meningitis
c. Streptococcus pneumoniae
(a,b,c = 3 main causes)
d.Listeria monocytogenes
e. Escheria coli

Question 9

How many strains of H. influenzae are there?

Answer 9

6 strains A-F

Question 10

What strain of H. influenzae is most common?

Answer 10

B strain 95% of cases

Question 11

Is H. influenzae preventable?

Answer 11

Yes, Hib vaccine

Question 12

What are the strains of Neisseria meningitis?

Answer 12

A,B,C, W135, y

Question 13

Who is commonly affected by N. meningitis?

Answer 13

Children and college students

Question 14

What strain of N. meningitis is most common?

Answer 14

C strain

Question 15

Is death slow or fast with N. meningitis?

Answer 15

Fast, death is within a short time

Question 16

How many strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are there?

Answer 16

~90 strains

Question 17

How many strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae can be prevented by a vaccine?

Answer 17

~20 strains

Question 18

How is S. pneumoniae treated?

Answer 18

Penicillin and 3rd gen Chloramphenicol

Question 19

Who is commonly affected by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 19

children and elderly

Question 20

What are the points of entry for S. pneumoniae?

Answer 20

Ear, surgery, head/neck trauma
-Opens subarachnoid space that contains CSF

Question 21

What does Listeria monocytogenes cause?

Answer 21

Listeriosis

Question 22

How is L. monocytogenes spread?

Answer 22

Food source

Question 23

What temperature does L. monocytogenes like?

Answer 23

Cold-loving (Psychrotrophs)

Question 24

What bacteria is a common cause for neonatal meningitis?

Answer 24

E. coli
-Transimitted in birth canal

Question 25

What are the symptoms of N. meningitis?

Answer 25

Headache sore throat Necrosis (amputation required) Petechiae rash Residual damage; deafness, paralysis

Question 26

What does a Petechiae look like?

Answer 26

Purple spots

Question 27

What bacteria causes tetanus?

Answer 27

Clostridium tetani

Question 28

What does tetanus toxin block?

Answer 28

Relaxation pathway (GABA neurotransmitter)

Question 29

What does Tetanus cause?

Answer 29

Spasms

Question 30

What are the stages of Tetanus spasms?

Answer 30

1. Stiffneck and lockjaw 2. Opsithrotones 3. CV spasms --> Death

Question 31

What bacteria causes Botulism?

Answer 31

Clostridium botulinum

Question 32

What are the types of botulism?

Answer 32

A, B, E, F (A is the worst)

Question 33

How long does Botulism take to develop?

Answer 33

12-36 hours

Question 34

How is Botulism spread?

Answer 34

Canned foods (lethal food poisoning)

Question 35

What does botulinum toxin block?

Answer 35

AcH at NMJ inhibiting muscle tone

Question 36

What does Botulism result in?

Answer 36

Flaccid paralysis

Question 37

What are the symptoms of botulism?

Answer 37

1. Dry mouth 2. Abdominal cramps 3. Diarrhea/ constipation 4. Blurred vision 5. Death

Question 38

What bacteria causes Leprosy?

Answer 38

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 39

What is the other name for leprosy?

Answer 39

Hansen's disease

Question 40

What are the two phases of leprosy?

Answer 40

1. Paucibacillary (neural) 2. Multibacillary (progressive)

Question 41

What kind of response is Paucibacillary characterised by?

Answer 41

Effective, cell mediated immunity

Question 42

How long is Paucibacillary treatment?

Answer 42

6 months

Question 43

How is Leprosy treated?

Answer 43

Dapsone, rifampin and clofazimine

Question 44

What does Multibacillary leprosy cause?

Answer 44

1. Exudation of the nose (disintegrates, infectious) 2. Nodules over body and face 3. Hand deformities 4. Necrosis, loss of fingers and toes

Question 45

How long is Multibacillary treatment?

Answer 45

24 months

Question 46

What viral disease affects the nervous system?

Answer 46

Polio

Question 47

What are the initial symptoms of Polio?

Answer 47

Sore throat and nausea (intestine) ---> enters lymph nodes and blood stream

Question 48

Once Polio virus enters the blood stream what occurs?

Answer 48

Viremia -2 forms

Question 49

What are the two forms of viremia (Polio)?

Answer 49

1. Transient 2. Persistent

Question 50

What is Transient form?

Answer 50

Immune system kills it -No clinical symptoms

Question 51

What is Persistent form?

Answer 51

Virus enters neurons, grow and cause paralysis

Question 52

Is Polio preventable?

Answer 52

Yes, there is a vaccine. Paralysis from polio occurs in ~1% of cases. -As of 2012 vaccination success in India eliminated polio

Question 53

What are the 2 polio vaccines?

Answer 53

1. IPV -Inactivated Polio vaccine 2. OPV -Oral polio vaccine

Question 54

Who discovered the IPV?

Answer 54

G. Salk 1954

Question 55

Who discovered the OPV?

Answer 55

A. Sabin 1963

Question 56

How is the IPV administered?

Answer 56

Injection

Question 57

What does the IPV require?

Answer 57

Boosters

Question 58

How is the OPV administered?

Answer 58

Orally

Question 59

What does the OPV require?

Answer 59

Boosters

Question 60

Why is the OPV not commonly used?

Answer 60

1/1 million cases causes the virus to revert back