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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 20- Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 20- Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

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1
Q

What antimicrobial agents attack the cell wall?

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Cephalosporins
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2
Q

What part of the cell wall do the agents attack?

A

P part of peptidoglycan layer

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3
Q

What do cell wall attacking agents cause

A

Osmotic lysis (cell dies)

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4
Q

What is the nucleus of Penicillin called?

A

Beta lactam ring

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5
Q

What two main types of penicillin?

A

a. Natural
b. Semisynthetic

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6
Q

What are the two types of natural penicillin?

A

PenG
PenV

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7
Q

How is PenG penicillin given?

A

Through injection

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8
Q

How is PenV penicillin given?

A

Taken orally

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9
Q

What are examples of semisynthetic penicillin?

A

Oxacillin, Ampicillin, Methicillin

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10
Q

What enzyme destroys the beta lactam ring of penicillin?

A

Penicillinase or Beta-lactamase

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11
Q

What are semisynthetic penicillin resistant to?

A

Penicillinase/beta lactamase. Resistance varies based on spectrum.

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12
Q

Example of a bacteria that produces Beta lactamase?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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13
Q

Methicillin resistance?

A

Resistant
-MRSA strain (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

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14
Q

Oxacillin spectrum?

A

Narrow (only kill one group)

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15
Q

Ampicillin spectrum?

A

Broad (Could kill more bacteria)

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16
Q

What is a common adverse effect of penicillin?

A

Allergic reaction

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17
Q

What are cephalosporins resistant to?

A

Enzymes (e.g; Beta lactamase)

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18
Q

What is a problem associated with Cephalosporin manufacturing?

A

It is expensive because they require lab purification

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19
Q

How are the semisynthetic forms of cephalosporins named?

A

They are called by generation. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th

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20
Q

What happens with each generation of semi forms of cephalosporins?

A

Each new generation gets broader and broader spectrum

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21
Q

What disease does 3rd gen cephalosporin treat?

A

Meningitis

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22
Q

What adverse effects are associated with Cephalosporins?

A

Mild GI tract symptoms

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23
Q

What antimicrobial agents inhibit protein synthesis?

A
  1. Chloramphenicol
    2.Erythromycin
    3.Streptomycin
    4.Tetracycline
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24
Q

Why is Chloramphenicol CHEAPER to manufacture?

A

It naturally has a simple structure so it is less expensive to synthesise it chemically

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25
What does Chloranphenicol's simple structure allow it to do?
More easily penetrate tissues like the BBB
26
What can Chloramphenicol's treat?
Meningitis -bc it can penetrate BBB
27
What is a rare adverse effect associated with Chloramphenicols?
Aplastic Anemia
28
What adverse effect can occur if a woman takes chloramphenicol while pregnant?
Grey baby syndrome
29
How does Chloramphenicol inhibit peptide bond formation?
It binds to the 50s portion of the ribosome
30
What family does erythromycin belong to?
Macrolides -Macrocyclic lactone ring structure
31
What drug can erythromycin be used as an alternative for?
Penicillin e.g; allergy
32
What form can erythromycin be administered as?
Syrup form -easy to take (orally)
33
What kind of cell wall bacteria can erythromycin penetrate?
Gram-positive
34
What adverse effect is associated with Erythromycin?
Mild GI tract symtoms (~2-3%)
35
How does erythromycin inhibit mRNA movement?
Binds to 50s portion of ribosome
36
When was Streptomycin discovered?
1944
37
What disease has a resistance for streptomycin?
Tuberculosis (TB) -bc of resistance steptomycin is no longer used to treat TB
38
What adverse effects are associated with streptomycin?
Deafness Kidney failure
39
How does Streptomycin cause mRNA to be misread?
Binds to 30s unit causing it change shape and become an aberrant protein
40
What spectrum activity does Tetracycline have?
The broadest spectrum activity
41
What is the name of the semisynthetic form of Tetracycline?
Doxycycline
42
Where is Tetracycline added to?
Animal feed (in food chain)
43
What is tetracycline used to treat?
STDs
44
What adverse effects are associated with Tetracycline?
1. Destroys normal flora causing GI tract symptoms and a fungal superinfection 2. Binds to calcium e.g teeth
45
What adverse effects are associated with tetracycline use during pregnancy?
During pregnancy ---> kidney/liver affected Fetus---> develops abnormal skull
46
How does tetracycline block the tRNA docking site?
Binds to the 30s portion of the ribosome
47
How does chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis?
Inhibits formation of peptide bonds
48
How does Erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis?
Inhibits mRNA movement
49
How does Streptomycin inhibit protein synthesis?
mRNA is misread
50
How does tetracycline inhibit protein synthesis?
Blocks tRNA docking site
51
What antimicrobial agents inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
1. Rifampin 2. Quinolone & fluoroquinolone
52
How does Rifampin inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Inhibits RNA polymerase
53
Example of a bacteria species treated with Rifampin?
Mycobacterium
54
What adverse effects are associated with Rifampin?
Liver Infection during pregnancy
55
How do quinolones and fluroquinolones inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Inhibits DNA gyrase
56
What are quinolones used to treat?
Shigellosis and UTIs
57
What happens when fluoride is added to quinolone drugs?
becomes a fluoroquinolone --> Penetration increases e.g Cipro
58
What is an adverse effect associated with fluoroquinolone?
Affects cartilage and joints
59
What antimicrobial agent attacks the plasma membrane?
Polymyxin B
60
How does Polymyxin B injure the plasma membrane?
1. Forms a pore in plasma membrane 2. Cell contents leak out
61
What is treated with Polymyxin B?
Pseudomonas infections (blue/green pus)
62
What adverse effects are associated with Polymyxin B?
Toxic to kidneys
63
How is Polymyxin B administered?
Only topical use (ointment) -not systemic as it leads to nephrotoxicity
64
What antimicrobial agents act as metabolites?
1. Sulfa drugs 2. Trimethoprim
65
What action do metabolites take to kill a cell?
1. Inhbit folic acid 2. DNA/RNA can't be synthesised 3. Cell dies (is a competitive inhibitor)
66
What can be treated by metabolites?
Cystitis (UTI)
67
What adverse effects are associated with Sulfa drugs?
-During pregnancy--> 3rd trimester = neurological defects -Jaundice -Anemia -Allergy
68
What adverse effects are associated with Trimethoprim?
-Jaundice -Allergy
69
What are examples of antiviral drugs?
1. Acyclovir 2. Ganciclovir 3. Ribavirin 4. Lamivudine 5. Azidothymidine
70
How do antivirals kill cells?
1. Antiviral drug resembles a nucleoside 2. Virally infected cell converts the antiviral into a false nucleotide 3. DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase is blocked
71
What is a nucleoside?
Sugar + Base. NO phosphate
72
What base does Acyclovir resemble?
Guanine (G)
73
What does Acyclovir treat?
Herpes-2
74
What base does Ganciclovir resemble?
Guanine (G)
75
What does Ganciclovir treat?
Herpes-5 aka CMV (retinal HIV)
76
What base does Ribavirin resemble?
Guanine (G)
77
What does Ribavirin treat?
Influenza
78
What base does Lamivudine resemble?
Thymine (T)
79
What does Lamivudine treat?
Hepatitis B, HIV
80
What base does Azidothymidine resemble?
Thymine (T)
81
What does Azidothymidine treat?
HIV

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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