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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 4- Functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 4- Functional anatomy of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of shapes of cells?

A

Spiral
Bacillus
Coccus
Coccobacillus
Pleomorphic

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2
Q

What are the types of spiral arrangements?

A

Vibrio
Spirillum
Spriochete

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3
Q

What is an example of a vibrio shaped bacteria?

A

Vibrio cholerae

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4
Q

What does Vibrio cholerae cause?

A

Cholera

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5
Q

What is an example of spirochete shaped bacteria?

A

Treponema pallidum

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6
Q

What does Treponema pallidum cause?

A

Syphillis

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7
Q

What is an example of bacillus bacteria (rod shaped)?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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8
Q

What does Bacillus anthracis cause?

A

Anthrax

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9
Q

What are the arrangements of bacillus?

A

Single bacillus
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
(Rod shaped)

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10
Q

What are the arrangements of coccus?

A

Diplococci (pair)
Streptococci (chain)
Staphylococci (cluster)

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11
Q

What is an example of diplococci shaped bacteria?

A

Neisseria gonnorhea

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12
Q

What is an example streptococci shaped bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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13
Q

What does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Strep throat

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14
Q

What is an example of staphylococci shaped bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

What does Staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

Staph infections
MRSA, skin infections

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16
Q

What does pleomorphic mean?

A

Shape varies

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17
Q

What are the prokaryotic structures external to the cell wall?

A

Flagella
Axial filament
Glycocalyx
Fimbrae
Pilus

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18
Q

What is a flagella?

A

Filaments that propel bacteria
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to wall by basal body

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19
Q

What is it called when there is a flagella on one end?

A

Monotrichous

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20
Q

What is it called when there are flagella at both ends?

A

Amphitrichous

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21
Q

What is it called when there is multiple flagella on one end?

A

Lophotrichous

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22
Q

What is it called when there are flagella distributed over the entire cell?

A

Peritrichous

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23
Q

What is it called when there are no flagella?

A

Atrichous

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24
Q

What is an axial filament?

A

SPIROCHETES ONLY
Bundles of fibrils that spiral around the cell and propel it in a spiral motion (corkscrew)

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25
What is the other name for axial filaments?
Endoflagella
26
What is the structure of a glycocalyx
Capsule outside of the cell wall made from polysaccharides and polypeptides
27
What are the functions of the glycocalyx?
1. Increase virulence 2. Decrease phagocytosis 3. Allow bacteria to attach to target environment
28
What is virulence?
Degree to which a pathogen causes disease
29
What is a bacteria that has increased virulence?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
30
What is an example of the glycalyx allowing bacteria to attach to target more easily?
Streptococcus mutans containing a capsule attach to teeth causing tooth decay
31
What are fimbrae?
Numerous hair like projections on the exterior of a cell
32
What is the differences between fimbrae and flagella?
Fimbrae are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella
33
What is the function of fimbrae?
help attach/adhere to surfaces
34
What is an example of bacteria with fimbrae?
Neisseria gonorhoeae
35
What are pili? (pilus)
Pilin protein projections that are involved in motility and DNA transfer -One or two per cell Aka Sex pilus
36
What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made from?
peptidoglycan or murein
37
What is the peptido portion made from?
Polypeptides and Tetra-peptides (side chains)
38
What are tetrapeptides?
4 amino acids attached to NAMs
39
What is the glycol portion made from?
disaccharides related to GLUCOSE
40
What are the monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide portion?
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
41
What do alternating NAMs and NAGs form in peptidoglycan?
A carbohydrate/sugar backbone
42
What are the two types of bacteria cell walls?
GRAM-positive GRAM-negative
43
What are GRAM-positive cell walls made from?
Several layers of PG (more rigid) and teichoic acid
44
What is Teichoic acid?
Alcohol + phosphate
45
What alcohols can be present in teichoic acid?
Ribitol - 5 carbons Glycerol - 3 carbons
46
What are the two classes of teichoic acids?
Lipoteichoic acid Wall teichoic acid
47
What is Lipoteichoic acid?
Spans the PG layer and linked to the plasma membrane
48
What is wall teichoic acid?
Linked to PG layer
49
What is the function of teichoic acid?
1. Antigenic specificity 2. Negatively charged phosphate groups (PO4) regulate movement of positive ions in/out of cell
50
What is the structure of GRAM-negative cell walls?
One or two layers of peptidoglycan Outer membrane inside periplasm
51
What are the 4 layers of the outer membrane of GRAM-negative cell walls?
1. Phospholipid bilayer 2. Porins (proteins) 3. Lipoproteins 4. Lipopolysaccharides
52
What are Porins?
Channels that permit passage of molecules e.g. Disacharrides, iron and B12
53
What does a Lipopolysaccharide contain?
Lipids + Carbohydrates
54
What is the lipid portion of the LPS?
Lipid A
55
What happens when GRAM-negative cells die?
Lipid A is released acting as an endotoxin -causes fever, vasodilation, blood clotting, GI tract problems and shock
56
What is the polysachharide portion of LPS?
O polysaccharide
57
What is O polysaccharide's function?
Serves as an antigen Similar role to Teichoic acid in Gram-positive
58
What is periplasm?
Periplasmic space Active area of cell metabolism Location: Between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
59
What are 3 types of atypical cell walls?
Mycobacterium species (Acid-fast cell walls) Mycoplasma species Archaea
60
What do mycobacterium species contain?
Mycolic acid: a waxy lipid bound to PG
61
What are examples of mycobacterium species?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
62
What are mycoplasma?
Lack cell walls Have sterols in plasma membrane
63
What are sterols?
Lipids in plasma membrane that help protect from lysis
64
What is an example of a mycoplasma?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
65
What are Archaea?
Have no cell wall or unusual cell wall with no peptidoglycan Contain pseudomurein/ pseudopeptidoglycan
66
What is pseudopeptidoglycan/murein?
contains n-acetylalosaminuronic acid instead of NAM
67
What causes damage to the cell wall of bacteria?
Lysozyme and antibiotics
68
What is Lysozyme?
A digestive enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of the bonds between the sugars in the backbone of peptidoglycan
69
What happens to GRAM-positive cells when exposed to lysozyme?
Protoplast - Cell wall is almost completely destroyed leaving just the plasma membrane
70
What happens to GRAM-negative cells when exposed to lysozyme?
Spheroplast - cell wall and outer membrane is somewhat destroyed
71
What causes cell death of protoplasts and spheroplasts?
Osmotic lysis -Burst in water or dilute salt/sugar solutions
72
How do antibiotics damage bacteria cell walls?
Inhibits formation of peptido portion of peptidoglycan -peptide cross bridges can't form to make a functional cell wall
73
What antibiotic is gram-positive cell walls more susceptible to?
Penicillin Why? Bc Gram-negative have fewer peptide cross-bridges
74
What are endospores?
specialized cells formed from certain nutrient-depleted Gram-positive bacteria
75
What are two species can have endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
76
What is an example of bacillus containing endospores?
Bacillus antracis (Causes anthrax)
77
What are 4 examples of clostridium bacteria containing endospores?
Clostridium tetani (tetanus) Clostridium perfringens (Gangrene) Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) Clostridium difficile (Colitis)
78
How are endospores formed?
Sporulation
79
What Gram-negative bacteria can form endospores?
Coxiella burnetti causes Q-fever

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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