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Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 > Microbio Chapter 21- Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes > Flashcards

Microbio Chapter 21- Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Eyes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the bacteria affecting the skin?

A
  1. Staphylococcus aureus
  2. Streptococcus pyogenes
  3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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2
Q

How does Staphylococcus aureus invade the skin?

A

Attach to and infect hair follicle (Folliculitis)

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3
Q

What are infections caused by Staph. aureus?

A
  1. Sty (eyelash folliculitis)
  2. Furuncle (Pus, red, swollen)
  3. Carbuncle (Tissue under skin inflamed, pus)
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4
Q

How is carbuncle treated?

A

Pus drained via surgery and use of antibiotics (penicillin)

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5
Q

What is a skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus that commonly affects new borns?

A

Impetigo

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6
Q

Impetigo appearance:

A

Yellowish crust, inflammation

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7
Q

What are two syndromes caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

A

SSSS and TSS

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8
Q

What is SSSS?

A

Staphylococcus Scalded Skin Syndrome
-Skin develops redness, blisters form, fill with a clear liquid (NO PUS), peel off skin and leave person vulnerable to a secondary infection

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9
Q

Why does SSSS happen?

A

Staphylococcus aureus releases an exfoliative exotoxin

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of exfoliative exotoxins?

A

Destry skin cells by breaking up ester bonds

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11
Q

What is TSS?

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome

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12
Q

What increases risk of TSS?

A

Tampon use
Surgical wound
Child birth

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13
Q

Why do tampons lead to TSS?

A

The material is abrasive and upon insertion lead to small cuts that are prone to infection due to the nutrient rich environment

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14
Q

What TSS toxins are associated with tampon use and surgical wounds?

A

TSS toxin-1 and toxin-2

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15
Q

TSS symptoms:

A

Fever, headaches, muscle aches, nausea, confusion, kidney failure, SSSS, shock and death (Less than 3%)

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16
Q

How can TSS be prevented?

A

Handwashing
Pad use
Frequent changing of tampon (look at absorbency)

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17
Q

What is the name of the group that Streptococcus pyogenes is a part of?

A

Group A beta haemolytic strep

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18
Q

Why is Streptococcus pyrogenes more invasive?

A

It has M-proteins

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19
Q

What are skin infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Impetigo
Erysipelas
Necrotising fasciitis

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20
Q

What population does streptococcus pyogenes impetigo affect?

A

Preschool age kids: 3-5 years old

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21
Q

Where does Erysipelas infect?

A

Deeper into dermis

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22
Q

Erysipelas appearance:

A

Red patches with raised margins

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23
Q

What causes necrotising fasciitis to occur?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes enters a break in the skin

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24
Q

What are released during a necrotxing fasciitis invasion?

A

Exoenzymes (Collagenase and hyluronidase) and Exotoxin A

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25
Does necrotising fasciitis spread?
yes can spread to other organs causing multiple organ failure
26
What is the death rate for necrotising fasciitis?
50% mortality rate
27
What happens when the ear is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Otitis externa or swimmer's ear -contaminated water in ear
28
What happens when the skin is infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Dermatitis -A rash caused by dirty pools/hot tubs
29
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: Post-burn victims
Increased blue/green pus (pyocyanin), longer hospital stay and increased death rate (2/3rd)
30
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: Cystic fibrosis patients
Bacteria evades phagocytosis and lungs are infected
31
Where is Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth seen?
Flower vases, mop water, antibiotics and antiseptics -Carbon loving
32
What are opportunistic infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Burn victims, CF patients
33
What bacteria causes acne?
Propionibacterium acnes
34
What are viral diseases that affect the skin?
Human Papilloma virus Herpes Simplex virus Measles Rubella
35
What does human papilloma virus cause
Warts
36
How many species of warts exist?
50 different species
37
How are warts spread?
Fomites or sexual transmission (genital warts)
38
What kind of infection are warts?
Superficial epidermis infection
39
Warts spread sexually can lead to what?
Cancer: Cervical (~70% of cases) and throat/pharyngeal
40
Is Human papilloma virus preventable?
Yes, HPV vaccine
41
How many strains are targeted by the HPV vaccine?
4/50 strains
42
How are warts treated?
1. Cryotherapy (freezing) 2. Electrodesiccation (cauterisation) 3. Over the counter salicylic acid 4. Laser surgery 5. Duct tape
43
What are the kinds of Herpes simplex virus affecting the skin?
HSV-1 HSV-2 HSV-3
44
What kind off virus is HSV-1?
Latent
45
Where does HSV-1 hide?
Trigeminal nerve: CN V
46
Where does HSV-1 commonly show reoccurrence?
The lips
47
What does HSV-1 cause?
A fever blister (cold sores)
48
How is HSV-1 spread?
Oral and respiratory route
49
What kind of infection is HSV-2?
Latent
50
Where does HSV-2 hide?
Sacral ganglia
51
How is HSV-2 spread?
Sexual
52
What does HSV-2 cause?
Genital sores
53
What is the treatment for HSV-2?
Acyclovir
54
What happens if HSV-2 reaches the CNS?
Encephalitis ~70% fatality
55
What does Herpes simplex virus cause that is commonly seen in medical personnel?
Herpetic whitlow -small blisters on fingers
56
How is HSV-1 and HSV-2 transmitted to another person?
oral sex
57
What is the other name for HSV-3?
Varicella-zoster virus
58
HSV-3 is an example of what?
an Exanthem
59
What are two skin infections caused by HSV-3?
Chicken pox (varicella) Shingles (zoster)
60
What is the starting point for the spread of chicken pox?
Respiratory tract
61
After the respiratory tract where does chicken pox spread to?
Blood ---> skin
62
What are the incubation period stages of chicken pox
1. Macule 2. Papule 3. Vesicle 4. Pustule
63
What kind of infection is HSV-3?
Latent
64
Where does HSV-3 hide?
Dorsal root ganglia of nerves
65
What does zoster mean?
Belt-/girdle appearance on skin
66
Compared to chicken pox, shingles is more:
Painful and longer-lasting
67
How is shingles treated?
Acyclovir
68
What are exanthems?
Widespread Skin rash arising from another focus of the infection
69
Examples of exanthems?
Chicken pox (HSV-3) Small pox Measles Rubella
70
What is the other name for measles?
Rubeola
71
What happens if a pregnant woman has measles?
Low birth weight, still born, miscarriage
72
Measles: signs and symptoms?
1. Macular red rash 2. Cold/fever/flu 3. Conjunctivitis (viral pink eye) 4. Red oral Koplik's spots 5. Otitis media
73
What is a diagnostic tool for measles?
Koplik's spots
74
What happens in 1/1000 cases of measles?
SSPE: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis -Infection travels to the brain, increased death rate
75
What is the other name for Rubella virus?
German measles
76
How is rubella different to rubeola?
Rubella= milder and no Koplik's spots
77
How is a fetus affected by rubella during pregancy?
Can cause fetal deafness, cataracts and mental delays
78
Rubella appearance on skin?
Pink rash
79
How is Measles/rubeola and Rubella prevented?
MMR vaccine -no antiviral meds
80
What are bacterial diseases affecting the eye?
1. Conjunctivitis (can also be caused by virus) 2. Trachoma
81
How is bacteria caused conjunctivitis different than virus caused conjunctivitis ?
Bacteria = more pus
82
What does conjunctivitis cause?
Inflammation of the eye, redness, swollen, watery and increased sensitivity
83
Example of a bacteria causing conjunctivitis?
Pseudomonas species
84
What can conjunctivitis progress to?
Trachoma
85
How does Trachoma occur?
1. Conjunctivitis of the eyelids 2. Eyelids turn inward 3. Cornea is abraded = Trichiasis 4. Blindness
86
What increases the risk of trachoma?
Unsanitary places and low antibiotic supply
87
What is reversible by antibiotics and surgery (trachoma)?
Conjunctivitis and inward eyelids

Microbiology- HLSC 124 🦠 (18 decks)

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