Microbiology pt.2 Flashcards by Rachel Joung

Q

What type of vaccine uses a live virus that has been modified? What are some examples of live virus vaccines?

A

Live attenuated vaccines:

MMR, Sabine polio, VZV, yellow fever, small pox, intranasal influenza

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Q

What is the DNA structure of most DNA viruses? What are the exceptions?

A

double stranded and linear
Exceptions:
- parvovirus (ssDNA)
- papilloma, polyoma, hepadna(circular)

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Q

When should live virus vaccines be considered for HIV positive pts?

A

rotavirus for all infants with HIV
if CD4 >200, can give MMR, varicella
not recommend: intranasal flu, herpes zoster

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Q

Which viral families do not have an envelope? (8)

A

DNA: papilloma, adeno, parvo, polyoma
RNA: calici, picorna, reo, hepe

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Q

What is the treatment for the diff. herpes virus?

A

HSV 1, 2, VZV: acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir

CMV: gangiclovir, foscarnet (if gang doesn’t work)

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Q

What group of pts is prone to esophagitis caused by CMV?

A

AIDS (CV4

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Q

Where is the latent herpes infection found in the body?

A

HSV1: trigeminal ganglion 
HSV2: sacral ganglion 
VZV: dorsal root or trigeminal 
CMV: mononuclear cells 
EBV: B cells

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Q

What are Downey cells

A

T cells that respond to an EBV infection (atypical lymphocytes; foamy cytoplasm)

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- erythema infectiosum (5th disease)

A

parvovirus B19

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- heterophile-positive mononucleosis

A

EBV

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- can cause conjunctivitis or diarrhea

A

adenovirus

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- enlarged cell with “owl eye” inclusions

A

CMV

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- identified with pap smear

A

human papilloma virus

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- milkmaid’s blisters

A

cowpox (vaccinia virus; part of poxvirus)

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- gingivostomatitis

A

HSV-1

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- hides in sensory ganglia of S2 and S3

A

HSV-2

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- hides in trigeminal ganglia

A

HSV-1

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- hides in dorsal root ganglia

A

VZV

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- virus family of JC virus

A

polyomavirus

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- Downey cells

A

EBV

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- PML

A

JC virus (part of polyomavirus)

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- oral hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV

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Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- multinucleate giant cells on Tzanck test

A

HSV 1, 2, VZV

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Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following? | - only DNA virus that is not double stranded

parvovirus

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following? | - roseola

6th disease (HHV-6)

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following? | - heterophile-negative mononucleosis

CMV

A 45 yo man with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis had exposure to which virus?

HPV

A 20 yo collage student presents with LAD, fever, and HSM. His serum agglutinates sheep red blood cells. What cell type is infection?

EBV virus --> infects B cells

What is the number one cause of fatal infantile gastroenteritis?

rotavirus

What virus is commonly associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis on cruise ships?

norovirus

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - hand foot mouth disease

coxsackie

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - "break bone" fever

dengue

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - common cold (2)

rhinovirus, coronavirus

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - fever, jaundice, black vomit

yellow fever

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - meningitis in summer months

echovirus, coxsackie virus, other enteroviruses

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - tourniquet test helps diagnose hemorrhagic disease

dengue

Which RNA virus matches each of the following | - infects motor neurons in the anterior horn (2)

polio | west nile virus

which antiviral matches each of the following statements? | - ppx for influenza A

zanamivir, oseltamivir

which antiviral matches each of the following statements? | - used in treatment for chronic hep C

ribavirin + IFN-alpha

which antiviral matches each of the following statements? | - first line for herpes simplex virus or VZV

-cyclovirs

which antiviral matches each of the following statements? | - inhibit viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase

-cyclovirs

Which RNA virus matches each of the following statements | - "barking seal" cough

parainfluenza virus (croup)

Which RNA virus matches each of the following statements | - childhood diarrhea in the winter months

rotavirus

Which RNA virus matches each of the following statements | - asthma-sounding infection in infants (esp. preemies)

RSV

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - can cause conjunctivitis or diarrhea ```

adenovirus

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - fever, jaundice, black vomit ```

yellow fever

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - enlarged cell with "owl eye" inclusions ```

CMV

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - "barking seal" cough ```

parainfluenza

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - bronchiolitis with cough and wheezing in babies ```

RSV

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - negri bodies ```

Rabies

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - hides in trigeminal ganglia ```

HSV-1, VZV

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - diarrhea in children during winter months ```

rotavirus

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - downey cells ```

EBV

``` What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? - aseptic meningitis ```

enteroviruses | Mumps

What ppx are used in HIV pts (and at what CD4)?

CD4

What organisms are known to cause infections in the mouth of AIDS patients? (4)

- candida (oral thrush) - EBV (oral hairy leukoplakia) - HSV - CMV

What are the 3 structural genes that code for HIV proteins?

- pol (reverse transcriptase, integrase) - env (gp 120, gp41) - gag (p24 capsid protein)

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: ritonavir

PI

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: didanosine

NRTI

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: delavirdine

NNRTI

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: zidovudine

NRTI

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: abacavir

NRTI

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: lamivudine

NRTI

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: nelfinavir

protease inhib

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: efavirenz

NNRTI

What are the 2 HIV envelope proteins and the drugs that interfere with them?

- gp41 (enfuvirtide; inhibits viral entry) | - gp120 (maraviroc; prevents attachment to T-cells at CCR-5)

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: lactic acidosis ```

NRTI

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: GI intolerance ```

Protease inhib

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: pancreatitis ```

didanosine (NRTI)

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: peripheral neuropathy ```

didanosine

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: megaloblastic anemia ```

zidovudine

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: rash ```

NNRTI

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: hyperglycemia, DM, lipid abnormalities ```

protease inhib

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - side effect: bone marrow suppression ```

zidovudine

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - given to pregnant women with HIV ```

zidovudine (but if she's already on drugs, continue those)

``` Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? - regimen for occupational HIV exposure ```

3 drug regimen

Which fungus matches each of the following? | - causes diaper rash

candida

Which fungus matches each of the following? | - opportunistic mold with septate hyphae that branch at 45 degree angle

aspergillus

Which fungus matches each of the following? | - opportunistic mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae that branch at wide angles

mucor, rhizopus

Which fungus matches each of the following? | - known for causing pneumonia in AIDS patients

PCP

Which fungus matches each of the following? | - yeast known for causing meningitis in AIDS patients

cryptococcus

What is the appearance of a KOH skin scraping in a patient with tinea versicolor?

"spaghetti & meatball" appearance | - caused by Malassezia

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - found in southwestern US including West Texas and California

coccidioides

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - found in Mississippi and Ohio River basins

histo

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - causes San Joaquin Valley fever

coccidioides

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - found in rural Latin America

paracoccidioides

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - associated with plant thorns and cutaneous injury

sporothrix schenckii

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - found in states east of the Mississippi river

blastomyces

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - found in bird and bat droppings

histo

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - mold form contains barrel-shaped arthroconidia

coccidioides

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - associated with dust storms

coccidioides

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - broad-based budding of yeast

blasto

Which fungus matches each of the following: | - multiple budding of yeast form

paracoccidioides

What infections are associated with birds? (5)

histoplasma, cryptococcus, chlamydophila psittaci, west nile virus, H5N1 influenza (avian flu)

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - interferes with microtubule function

griseofulvin

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - "swish and swallow" for oral candidiasis (thrush)

nystatin

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - cell wall synthesis inhibitor used in invasive aspergillosis

cASPofungin (echinocandins)

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - binds ergosterol --> membrane pores (2)

amphotericin B, nystatin

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - inhibits ergosterol synthesis (2)

azoles, terbinafine

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - most common treatment for onychomycosis

terbinafine

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - side effect: arrhythmias and nephrotoxicity

amphotericin B

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - deposits in keratin-containing tissues

griseofulvin

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - inhibits hormone synthesis and cytochrome p450

azoles (esp ketoconazole)

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - side effect: liver dysfunction (2)

azoles, griseofulvin

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - side effect: teratogenic

griseofulvin

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - used for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS

IV amphotericin B + flucytosine

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - converted to 5-fluorouracil; inhibits DNA synthesis

flucytosine

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements? | - drug of choice for sporotrichosis

itraconazole

What antifungal can be used intrathecally for fungal meningitis?

amphotericin B

What are the clinical use and side effects of griseofulvin?

use: superficial fungal infection; tinea capitis, onychomycosis s/e: teratogenic, induce cyto p450, hepatotoxic

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - cause of malaria

Plasmodium sp.

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - most common protozoal infection in the US

trichomonas vaginalis

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - cause of Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - amoebic dysentery

entamoeba histolytica

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - african sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense/gambiense

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - diarrhea in campers and hikers

giardia

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - transmitted in raw meat or infected cat feces

toxo

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - transmitted by sandflies

Leishmania

What protozoan matches each of the following? | - causes vaginitis

Trichomonas vaginalis

A patient who visited Mexico presents with bloody diarrhea. What infectious form is found in the stool?

cysts of Entamoeba histolytica

A 32 yo man went camping in northern Cali 3 wks ago, had a stint of diarrhea a couple of weeks after the trip, and now presents with symptoms of abdominal pain in the RUQ, fever, and abnormal liver function tests. What is the infectious organism?

Entamoeba histolytica --> causing liver abscess

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle? - looks like a diamond ring

early trophozoite

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle? - ruptures the cell host

merozoite

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle? - replicating intracellularly

schizont (within hepatocyte)

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle? - form injected from the Anopheles mosquito

sporozoite

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle? - banana-shaped

gametocyte

A patient returning from a 2-wk vacation in West Africa presents with typical malaria presentation and recurrent fever. What is the mechanism responsible for this pts' recurrent fever?

RBC hemolysis --> release of merozoites

What helminth matches each of the following statements? | - snail host, "swimmer's itch"

Schistosoma sp.

What helminth matches each of the following statements? | - fluke associated with hematuria and bladder cancer

schistosoma haematobium

What helminth matches each of the following statements? | - contracted by eating undercooked fish and causes inflammation of the biliary tract

Clonorchis (liver fluke)

What helminth matches each of the following statements? | - soil --> enters through skin --> venous blood supply --> lungs --> coughed into pharynx --> intestines

SANd | - strongyloides, ancylostoma, Necator

What helminth matches each of the following statements? | - responsible for lymphatic filariasis

Wuchereria bancrofti (Elephantiasis)

What helminth matches each of the following statements? | - adult pt from Mexico with new onset seizures and brain calcifications

Taenia solium (ingestion of egg)

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas

Metronidazole

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? - Plasmodium vivax or ovale

Chloroquine with primaquine

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? - chloroquine-resistant malarias

mefloquine

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? - most flukes (like Schistosoma and Clonorchis)

praziquantel

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? - hookworm, pinworm, roundworm

bendazoles

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? - chagas disease

Benznidazole or nifurtimox

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections? - Leishmaniasis

liposomal amphotericin B

Which 2 agents are usually used in the treatment of pediculosis capitis and pediculosis pubis?

permethrin or pyrethrin

Why is lindane not the preferred agent in the treatment of lice?

neurotoxic (and lice are now resistant to this drug anyways)