Microevolution

Question 1

What is an allele?

Answer 1

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

Question 2

What is a phenotype?

Answer 2

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Question 2

What is a genotype?

Answer 2

The genetic constitution of an individual organism

Question 3

What is a gene pool?

Answer 3

The sum of all alleles in a population

Question 4

Is phenotype or genotype observable? Which is genetic information?

Answer 4

Observable – Phenotype
Genetic Information – Genotype

Question 5

Populations exhibit allelic, or what, variation?

Answer 5

Genetic

Question 6

What is microevolution?

Answer 6

The generation-to-generation changes in allele frequency within a population.

Question 7

What is the smallest evolution scale?

Answer 7

Microevolution

Question 8

What are the five causes of microevolution?

Answer 8

Mutation, gene flow, nonrandom mating, genetic drift, and selection

Question 9

What is mutation?

Answer 9

Changes the proportions of specific alleles in a population

Question 10

What is the least important factor in microevolution and has very low rates?

Answer 10

Mutation

Question 11

The ultimate source of genetic variation is what?

Answer 11

Mutation

Question 12

What is gene flow?

Answer 12

Changes in allele (gene) frequency due to immigration or emigration into or out of the gene pool/population.

Question 13

A mutated gene leads to what two types of proteins?

Answer 13

No protein or abnormal protein

Question 14

What is nonrandom mating?

Answer 14

Individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mate with one another more commonly than is expected on a random basis

Question 15

What is disassortative mating and what does it increase?

Answer 15

Preference for different genotypes or phenotypes and increases heterozygosity

Question 16

What is assortative mating and what does it increase?

Answer 16

Preference for similar genotypes or phenotypes and increases homozygosity

Question 17

What is genetic drift due to and affects what population size more?

Answer 17

Environmental events and small populations

Question 17

What is genetic drift?

Answer 17

Change in frequency of an existing gene variation in the population due to random chance

Question 18

Genetic drift can lead to what in small, isolated populations?

Answer 18

Loss of alleles

Question 19

What is the Founder Effect?

Answer 19

Allele frequencies of the founding individuals in new populations differ from the allele frequencies in the population from which they came

Question 20

A bottleneck event leads to loss and alteration of what?

Answer 20

Genetic variability

Question 21

A bottleneck leads to a drastic reduction in what and is caused by what forces in the environment?

Answer 21

Population and natural forces like flooding, epidemic diseases, and wildfires

Question 22

What is selection?

Answer 22

An unequal survival of genes across generations

Question 23

Selections favors some individuals over others which typically leads to a phenotype with greater what usually increasing in the environment?

Answer 23

Fitness

Question 24

What does disruptive selection do?

Answer 24

Removes intermediate phenotypes and is for both extremes

Question 25

What does directional selection do?

Answer 25

Selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes

Question 26

What is stabilizing selection?

Answer 26

Selection acts to eliminate both extremes from an array of phenotypes

Question 27

About what percent of humans of European descent immune to HIV and other infectious diseases?

Answer 27

10%

Question 28

The Black Death of 1348-1350 killed blank million or what percentage of Europe's population?

Answer 28

75 million or 30-60%

Question 29

With the Black Death, the allele frequency for HIV and other infectious diseases went from 1:20,000 to 1:what?

Answer 29

1:10

Question 29

Natural skin color is an what or what?

Answer 29

Adaptation or natural selection

Question 30

What is the quantification of fitness?

Answer 30

Number of surviving offspring relative to other individuals