MISSED RESP

Question 1

resistance of the airways decreases as the lung volume

Answer 1

increases… So basically you have least resistance at maximal point of inspiration

Question 2

what do you see fixed dilation of bronchioles with?

Answer 2

Bronchiectasis

Question 3

chronic lung disease cuased by chronic/recurrent inflammation and infectins. Permanently dilated bronchioles lack normal structural support, become floppy, leading to collapse during expiration and wheezing.

Answer 3

Bronchiectasis

Question 4

Hyperplasia of mucus secreting glands is a characteristic of

Answer 4

chronic bronchitis, one of the main types of COPD.

Question 5

presence of atopy is

Answer 5

Asthma

Question 6

what is atopy and where is it seen?

Answer 6

atopy refers to the genetic predisposition to develop specific IgE antibodies against common environmental allergens, which can lead to an allergic reaction within minutes of exposure.

Atopy is the strongest risk factor of asthma

Question 7

Laryngotracheobronchitis is known as

Answer 7

croup

Question 8

subglottic swelling and subglottic narrowing, inspiratory stridor

Answer 8

croup/laryngotracheobronchitis

Question 9

hot potato voice, toxic appearance, drooling

Answer 9

Retropharyngeal abscess from Group A strep, Staph aureus

Question 10

toxic appearance, tripoding, drooling

Answer 10

Epiglottitis

Question 11

thumbprint sign is seen in

Answer 11

epiglottitis

Question 12

if you see subsegmental opacities with linear margins it is

Answer 12

atelectasis –> an area of collapsed or nonexpanded lung that appears as small subsegmental opacities with linear or angular margins.

Reversible disorder.

Question 13

causes of hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient

Answer 13

alveolar hypoventilation (opioid/sedative overdose, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, MG)

Low Fio2 (high altitude)

Question 14

Causes of hypoxemia with increased A-a gradient

Answer 14

Dead space ventilation (pulm embolism)
Diffusion limitation (pulm fibrosis, emphysema)
Intrapulmonary shunt (pneumonia, pulm edema)
Right to left shunt

Question 15

risk factor for neonatal distress syndrome?

Answer 15

Maternal Diabetes
Prematurity
Male sex

Question 16

Chest Xray shows: diffuse ground glass appearance, low lung volumes.

Clinical features show: cyanosis, tachypnea, labored breathing. Grunting, nasal flaring. Intercostal and subcostal retractions immediately after delivery of baby.. (this is a newborn)

Answer 16

Neonatal Resp Distress Syndrome

Question 17

sensitivity to aspirin or other NSAIDs
Asthma
Chronic rhinosinusitits with nasal polyps

Answer 17

Aspirin Exacerbated respiratory disease

Question 18

for asthma or aspirin induced hypersititivity, give

Answer 18

montelukast
zafirlukast
pranlukast

Blocks cysteinyl leukotriene receptr 1

Question 19

increased lung compliance and decreased elasticity

Answer 19

Emphysema

Question 20

V/Q ratio at base of lungs is ___ than the apex

Answer 20

Lower

0.63

Question 21

V/Q ratio at the apex of the lungs is ___ than the base

Answer 21

higher, 3.30

Question 22

amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration

Answer 22

Functional Residual Capacity

Question 23

maximum amount of air a person can inhale

Answer 23

inspiratory capcity

Question 24

max amount of air expelled from lungs after first filling lungs maximally and then exhaling maximally

Answer 24

Vital capacity

Question 25

max volume of air with which the lungs can be filled

Answer 25

total lung capcity

Question 26

volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

Answer 26

residual volume

Question 27

the volume of air forcefully expired below a normal tidal volume expiration

Answer 27

expiratory reserve volume

Question 28

volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

Answer 28

tidal volume

Question 29

OTC cough syrup

Answer 29

Dexteromethorpan --> NMDA receptor antag

Question 30

pt presents with confusion, sedation, hallucinations, fever, tachy, blurred vision and OD on something.. what could it be?

Answer 30

dextromethorpan (cough syrup)

Question 31

how to calculate alveolar ventilation?

Answer 31

(dead space - tidal volume)RR

Question 32

at birth, pressure in pulmonary circulation is ___ while pressure in systemic circulation is ___

Answer 32

decreased; increased

Question 33

MPO antibody

Answer 33

P-anca

Question 34

how to differentiate between GPA and MPO

Answer 34

GPA --> upper resp and renal (wegeners) --> CANCA PR3 MPO --> no upper resp, renal MPO + PANCA

Question 35

ABCDE's of sarcoidosis (restrictive lung disease)

Answer 35

ACE elevated Bilateral lymphadenopathy C calcium elevated D vitamin D elevated Erythema nodosum

Question 36

created by plasma proteins pulls water into capillaries Decreased in liver failure, malnutrition

Answer 36

Oncotic pressure

Question 37

Pushes fluid out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid, increased in HTN, HF, fluid overload, edema due to excess pushing force

Answer 37

hydrostatic pressure

Question 38

Specific Dx test for pulmonary embolism

Answer 38

CT pulmonary angiography

Question 39

Emphysema is a form of

Answer 39

COPD