Mnemonics Galore! Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
SNNOUT
A
sensitivity
highly SeNsitive test, when Negative, rules OUT dz
2
Q
SPPIN
A
highly SPecific test, when Positive, rules IN dz
3
Q
type I (alpha) error
A
you sAw a difference that didn’t exist (eg, convicting an innocent man)
4
Q
type II (beta) error
A
you were Blind to the truth (eg, setting a guilty man free)
5
Q
PST
A
disease prevention
primary: prevent
secondary: screen
tertiary: tx
6
Q
4 parts of Medicare
A
Part A: hospitAl insurance
Part B: Basic medical Bills (eg, doctor’s fees, dxic testing)
Part C: (Parts A+B) delivered by approved private Companies
Part D: prescription Drugs
7
Q
Sex, Drugs, & Rock & roll
A
situations in which parental consent usually not required for minors
Sex (contraception, STIs, pregnancy)
Drugs (addiction, tx for child of minor)
Rock & roll (emergency/trauma)
abortion does require at minimum parental notification in most states
8
Q
GAG
A
amino acids necessary for purine synthesis
Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine
9
Q
HGPRT
A
sx of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (defective HGPRT)
Hyperuricemia (“orange sand” in diaper), Gout, Pissed off (aggression, self-mutilation), Retardation (intellectual disability), dysTonia
10
Q
eukaryotic DNA polymerases
A
Alpha - lAgging strand
Beta - Base excision repair
Delta - leaDing strand
GaMMa - Mitochondrial DNA (or gamma for “Gramma”)
11
Q
APE
A
positions of active sites on ribosome
A site - incoming Aminoacyl-tRNA
P site - accommodates growing Peptide
E site - holds Empty tRNA as it Exits
12
Q
Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly
A
drugs that act on microtubules
Mebendazole (antihelminthic)
Griseofulvin (antifungal)
Colchicine (antigout)
Vincristine/Vinblastine (anticancer) - destabilize/inhibit MT formation
Paclitaxel (anticancer) - hyperstabilizes MTs
13
Q
SCAB or Be (So Totally) Cool, Read Books
A
types of collagen
Type I: Bone, Skin, Tendon, dentin, fascia, cornea, late wound repair
Type II: Cartilage (including hyaline), vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
Type III: Reticulin - skin, blood vessels uterus, fetal tissue, granulation tissue
Type IV: Basement membrane, basal lamina, lens
14
Q
SNoW DRoP or Down South, Pools in the West, and Rhode Island to the North
A
different blotting procedures
Southern blot: DNA sample, DNA probe
Western blot: protein sample, labeled antibody probe
Northern blot: RNA sample, DNA probe
Southwestern blot: DNA-binding protein sample (eg, transcription factor), labeled oligonucleotide probe
15
Q
Cs of Huntington disease
A
trinucleotide repeat: CAG Cuatro (chromosome 4) Cuarenta (median age of onset) Choreiform movements Caudate atrophy Cognitive decline decreased ACh in brain
16
Q
Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x-Linked Disorders…Oops
A
X-linked disorders! (duh)
Ocular albinism, Fabry dz, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, G6PD deficiency, Hemophilia A and B, Bruton agammaglobulinemia, Hunter syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Duchenne (and Becker) muscular Dystrophy, Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
17
Q
X-Girlfriend’s First Aid Helped Ace My Test
A
trinucleotide repeat conditions and which mutations Fragile X syndrome: (CGG)n Friedreich ataxia: (GAA)n Huntington dz: (CAG)n Myotonic dystrophy: (CTG)n
18
Q
CATCH-22
A
DiGeorge syndrome! microdeletion at chromosome 22q11 Cleft palate Abnormal facies Thymic aplasia -> T cell deficiency Cardiac defects Hypocalcemia (d/t parathyroid aplasia)
19
Q
FLAMES
A
findings of kwashiorkor Fatty Liver Anemia/Anasarca Malnutrition Edema Skin lesions
20
Q
HUGs take two
A
biosynthetic processes that take place in both cytoplasm and mitochondria
Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis
21
Q
Citrate Is Krebs’ Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate
A
order of substrates in TCA cycle Citrate Isocitrate alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate
22
Q
Spleen Purges Nasty Inclusions From Damaged Cells
A
substances that induce hemolysis in G6PD deficiency Sulfonamides Primaquine Nitrofurantoin Isoniazid Fava beans Dapsone Chloroquine
23
Q
PriVaTe TIM HaLL
A
essential amino acids Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Lysine Leucine
24
Q
Ordinarily, Careless Crappers Are Also Frivolous About Urination
A
order of substrates in urea cycle Ornithine Carbamoyl phosphate Citrulline Aspartate Argininosuccinate Fumarate Arginine Urea
25
I Love Vermont maple syrup from maple trees w/ branches
maple syrup urine dz
| blocked degradation of branched chain aas (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) d/t decreased alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase
26
Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies
```
encapsulated organisms
E. coli (some)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae B
Salmonella
Group B strep species
```
27
These Microbes May Lack Real Color
bugs that don't Gram stain well
Treponema pallidum (too thin)
Mycobacteria (mycolic acids)
Mycoplasma (no cell wall)
Legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular)
Rickettsia (intracellular parasite)
Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; low muramic acid)
28
ENDOTOXIN
```
effects of endotoxin (LPS, G- bacteria)
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC/Death
Outer membrane
TNF-alpha
O-antigen
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
```
29
ABCDE bacterial toxins
```
bacterial toxins encoded in lysogenic phage
shigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin (certain strains)
Cholera toxin
Diphtheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes
```
30
MOPS
```
Strep pneumo is MCC of:
Meningitis
Otitis media (in children)
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
```
31
JONES
```
major criteria for acute rheumatic fever
Joints - polyarthritis
O (heart) - pancarditis
Nodules - subcutaneous and Aschoff bodies (nodules)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
```
32
a key Lyme pie to the FACE
```
cardinal sx of Lyme dz
Facial nerve palsy (typically b/l)
Arthritis
Cardiac block
Erythema chronicum migrans
```
33
VDRL
things that give false-positive VDRL results
Viral infection (mono, hepatitis, EBV)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus and Leprosy (really all autoimmune dzs)
(pregnancy, too)
34
you drive Kawasaki CARS w/ your hands and feet
```
conditions that cause palm/sole rashes
Kawasaki dz
Coxsackie A
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Secondary Syphilis
```
35
black flies, black skin nodules, black sight
findings of Onchocerca volvulus infection
36
you'll get sick if you EATT these!
nematodes acquired through ingestion
| Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella
37
these get into your feet from the SANd
nematodes acquired through cutaneous infection
| Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator
38
lay LOW to avoid getting bitten
nematodes acquired through bites
| Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti
39
Attention Slowpokes! Please Vaccinate Young Infants w/ MMR Regularly
live attenuated vaccines
| Smallpox, Polio (Sabin - oral), VZV (chickenpox), Yellow fever, Influenza (intranasal), MMR, Rotavirus
40
RIP Always
killed vaccines
| Rabies, Influenza (injected), Polio (Salk - injected), HAV
41
give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked Heppy
naked (nonenveloped) viruses
DNA: Papillomavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Polyomavirus
RNA: Calicivirus, Picornavirus, Reovirus, Hepevirus
42
PERCH viruses
picornaviruses
| Poliovirus, Echovirus, Rotavirus, Coxsackievirus, HAV
43
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication
negative stranded viruses, must bring own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Orthomyxoviruses, Filoviruses, Rhabdoviruses
44
can't see, can't pee, can't hear a buzzing bee
Alport syndrome (mutation in collagen IV)
45
the terrible Ts
anterior mediastinal masses
| Thymoma, Teratoma, Thyroid cancer, (terrible) lymphoma
46
ampicillin/amoxicillin HHEELPSS kill enterococci
extended coverage offered by aminopenicillins
| Hib, H. pyloria, E. coli, Enterococci, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella
47
LAME
organisms typically not covered by cephalosporins
Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, Enterococci
*ceftaroline covers MRSA*
48
PEcK
1st gen cephalosporin (cefazolin, cephalexin) coverage
| Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella
49
HEN PEcKS
2nd gen cephalosporin (cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefuroxime) coverage
Hib, Enterobacter, Neisseria spp., Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia
50
VACUUM THe BedRoom
bugs covered by tetracyclines
Vibrio, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia rickettsii
51
MACRO
ADRs of macrolides
| GI Motility issues, Arrhythmia (QT prolongation), acute Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia
52
GET GAP on the Metro
bugs covered by metronidazole
| Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, C. diff), H. Pylori (part of triple tx)
53
4 Rs of rifampin
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Ramps up microsomal CYP450
Red/orange body fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone
54
HCV tx is SRS business
Simeprevir, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir
55
SAFe Children and Moms Take Really Good Care
```
antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy
Sulfonamides (kernicterus)
Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity)
FQs (cartilage damage)
Clarithromycin (embryotoxic)
Metronidazole (mutagenesis)
Tetracyclines (discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth)
Ribavirin (teratogenic)
Griseofulvin (teratogenic)
Chloramphenicol (gray baby syndrome)
```
56
PAIR
```
seronegative arthropathies (all HLA-B27 related)
Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel dz associated arthritis, Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)
```
57
rule of 8
MHC I x CD8 = 8
| MHC II x CD4 = 8
58
Medical Doctor Gave Extra Antibody
order of isotype switching in B cells
IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA
once a type has been surpassed, can never create that type again
59
Hot T-BONE stEAK
cytokines and what they do
IL-1: fever (hot)
IL-2: stimulates T cells
IL-3: stimulates BONE marrow
IL-4: stimulates IgE (and IgG) production
IL-5: stimulates IgA (and eosinophil) production
IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein production
60
To Be Healed Very Rapidly
preformed abs given w/ these exposures
| Tetanus toxin, Botulinum toxin, HBV, Varicella, Rabies
61
ABCD
```
hypersensitivity types
type I: Anaphylactic/Atopic
type II: antiBody mediated
type III: immune Complex mediated
type IV: Delayed (T-cell mediated)
```
62
As of selective IgA deficiency
```
mostly Asymptomatic
Airway/GI infections
Autoimmune dz
Atopy
Anaphylaxis to IgA containing products (eg, blood transfusion)
```
63
FATED
autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
coarse Facies
cold (noninflamed) staphylococcal Abscesses
retained primary Teeth
increased IgE
Dermatologic problems (eczema)
64
ATAXIA
```
ataxia-telangiectasia
Ataxia (Atrophy of cerebellum)
Telangiectasia/Tracking eye difficulties
Acute leukemia/lymphoma (and breast cancer)
X-ray sensitivity
IgA deficiency/Infections
AFP increased
```
65
WAITER
```
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich
Immunodeficiency (inability to T cells to reorganize actin cytoskeleton)
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Eczema
Recurrent infections
```
66
Potentially Really High (Lethal) Hematocrit
tumors that produce EPO -> polycythemia
| Pheochromocytoma, RCC, HCC, Leiomyoma, Hemangioblastoma
67
PSaMMoma
neoplasms w/ psammoma bodies
| Papillary carcinoma of thyroid, Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, Meningioma, Malignant mesothelioma
68
Lots of Bad Stuff Kill Glia
tumors that send mets to brain
| Lung > Breast > (Prostate) > Skin (melanoma) > Kidney > GI
69
Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver
tumors that send mets to liver
| Colon >> Stomach > Pancreas > Breast > Lung
70
BLT w/ a Kosher Pickle
tumors that send mets to bone
| Breast (mixed), Lung (mixed), Thyroid (lytic), Kidney (lytic), Prostate (blastic)
71
PEA
drugs eliminated by 0 order kinetics (a pea is round, shaped like "0" in 0 order)
Phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin
72
TITE
therapeutic index calculation
| Therapeutic Index = TD50/ED50
73
Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M
receptors that use Gq/protein kinase C
| H1, alpha1, V1, M1, M3
74
MAD 2s
receptors that use Gi
| M2, alpha2, D2
75
Grandma Doesn't Remember
indirect ACh agonists/AChEIs
| Galantamine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine
76
DUMBBELSS
effects of organophosphates/muscarinic agonists
Diarrhea/Diaphoresis, Urination, Miosis, Bronchospasm/Bronchorrhea, Bradycardia, Excitation of skeletal muscle and CNS/Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation
77
On The Darn Toilet Seat
muscarinic antagonists used to reduce bladder spasms and for urge incontinence (overactive bladder)
Oxybutynin, Tolterodine, Darifenacin, Trospium, Solifenacin
78
Hot as a hare, Dry as a bone, Red as a beet, Blind as a bat, Mad as a hatter, Bloated as a toad, Tachy as a polyester suit
effects of atropine (antimuscarinic) toxicity (basically anti-DUMBBeLSS)
79
Taking Pills Necessitates Having blood Checked
drugs that cause hyperglycemia
| Tacrolimus, Protease inhibitors, Niacin, HCTZ, Corticosteroids
80
Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress
drugs that cause pancreatitis
| Didanosine, Corticosteroids, Alcohol, Valproic acid, Azathioprine, Diuretics (furosemide, HCTZ)
81
Gangs CCCrush Myeloblasts and Promyelocytes
drugs that cause agranulocytosis
| Ganciclovir, Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchicine, Methimazole, PTU
82
Can't Make New Blood Cells Properly
drugs that cause aplastic anemia
| Carbamazepine, Methimazole, NSAIDs, Benzene, Chloramphenicol, PTU
83
Fat PiG
drugs that cause lipodystrophy
| Protease inhibitors, GCs
84
Painful Tophi and Feet Need Care
drugs that cause hyperuricemia
| Pryazinamide, Thiazides, Furosemide, Niacin, Cyclosporine
85
SAT For Photo
drugs that cause photosensitivity
| Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Tetracyclines, 5-FU
86
having lupus is SHIPP-E
drugs that cause drug-induced lupus
| Sulfa drugs, Hydralazine, INH, Procainamide, Phenytoin, Etanercept
87
Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS cause chronic alcoholism
inducers of CYP450
Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Barbiturates, Rifampin, St. John's wort, chronic alcoholism
(also nevirapine, ginseng, green veggies, and OCPs)
88
CRACK AMIGOS
inhibitors of CYP450
Cimetidine, Ritonavir/PIs, Amiodarone, Ciprofloxacin, Ketoconazole, Acute alcohol ingestion, Macrolides (except azithromycin), INH, Grapefruit juice, Omeprazole, Sulfonamides/Streptogramins
(also NSAIDs, cranberry juice, ginkgo biloba, vE, T3/T4, SSRIs)
89
Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terribly Severe Allergy Sx
sulfa drugs
| Sulfonamide abx, Probenecid, Furosemide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfasalazine, Acetazolamide, Sulfonylureas
90
Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
```
fetal erythropoiesis occurs in:
Yolk sace (3-8 weeks)
Liver (6 weeks-birth)
Spleen (10-28 weeks)
Bone marrow (18 weeks to adult)
in kids, long and flat bones; in adults, axial skeleton
```
91
ABCDE
drug-induced long QT syndrome
antiArrhythmics (class Ia, III)
antiBiotics (eg, macrolides, chloroquine)
anti"C"ycotics (eg, haloperidol, risperidone)
antiDepressants (eg, TCAs)
antiEmetics (eg, ondansetron)
methadone, -navirs also do this
92
if you're DUMPT, you're heartbroken
5 lethal causes of CP
| Dissection (aorta), Unstable angina, MI, PE, tension PTX
93
use a LEASH to restrict your dog
```
major causes of restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy
Loffler syndrome (endomyocardial fibrosis w/ prominent eosinophilic infiltrate), Endocardial fibroelastosis (young children), Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis, Hemochromatosis
```
94
JONES PEACE
major and minor criteria for rheumatic fever
Joints (migratory polyarthritis), "O" (pancarditis), Nodules (subcutaneous), Erythema marginatum (serpiginous), Sydenham chorea (St. Vitus' dance)
Prolonged PR interval, Elevated temperature (fever), Arthralgia, elevated CRP, elevated ESR
95
CRASH and burn
sx of Kawasaki dz
Conjunctival injection, Rash (polymorphous -> desquamating), Adenopathy (cervical), Strawberry tongue (oral mucositis), Hand-foot changes (edema, erythema), fever
96
Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine
antihypertensives that are approved for use during pregnancy
| Hydralazine, Methyldopa, Labetalol, Nifedipine
97
BanDAIDS
```
class III antiarrhythmics
Bretylium, Dofetilide, Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dronedarone, Sotalol
```
98
FLAT PiG
hormones released by anterior pituitary
| FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, MSH ("i"ntermediate), GH
99
FLAT ChAMP
hormones that utilize cAMP (Gs and Gi)
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH
also calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon
100
GOAT HAG
hormones that utilize IP3 (Gq)
| GnRH, Oxytoxcin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), ANGII, Gastrin
101
PIGGlET
hormones that use receptor-associated tyrosine kinase/JAK/STAT pathway
Prolactin, Immunomodulators (eg, cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IFN), GH, G-CSF, EPO, TPO
102
BAM, CUSHINGOID
sx of cortisol excess/glucocorticoid use
Buffalo hump, Amenorrhea, Moon facies, Crazy, Ulcers, Skin changes (striae), Hypertension, Infections, Necrosis of femoral head, Glaucoma, Osteoporosis, Immunosuppression, Diabetes (insulin resistance)
103
rule of 10s
pheochromocytoma
| 10% malignant, 10% b/l, 10% extra-adrenal, 10% calcify, 10% in children
104
5 Ps of pheochromocytoma
common sx in pheohromocytoma
| Pressure (HTN), Pain (HA), Perspiration, Palpitations (tachycardia), Pallor
105
6 Ps of congenital hypothyroidism
formerly cretinism
| Pot-bellied, Pale, Puffy-faced child, Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue, Poor brain development
106
stones, bones, groans, moans, thrones, and psychiatric overtones
sx of hypercalcemia (and hyperparathryoidism)
Stones: kidney stones (calcium phosphate/oxalate)
Bones: bone pain from Ca2+ reabsorption -> osteoporosis
Groans: lethargy, fatigue
Moans: abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulcers
Thrones: polyuria, polydipsia
Psychiatric overtones: confusion, depression, anxiety, hallucinations, irritability, etc.
107
CHIMPANZEES
causes of hypercalcemia
Calcium supplementation, HCTZ/thiazide diuretics, Iatrogenic/Immobilization, MM/Milk alkali syndrome/Medication (eg, lithium), Parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma, Alcohol, Neoplasm, ZE syndrome, Excess vA, Excess vD, Sarcoidosis
108
4 Ds of glucagonoma
dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema), diabetes (hyperglycemia), DVT, depression
109
rule of 1/3s
carcinoid syndrome
| 1/3 metastasize, 1/3 present w/ second malignancy, 1/3 multiple
110
SADPUCKER
retroperitoneal structures
Suprarenal glands, Aorta (and IVC), Duodenum (2nd-4th parts), Pancreas (except tail), Ureters, Colon (descending and ascending), Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum
111
NAVY
order of femoral structures from lateral to medial
| Nerve, Artery, Vein, Yin-Yang
112
WDHA syndrome
also called VIPoma
| Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydria
113
Foamy Whipped cream in a CAN
sx of Whipple dz
foamy macrophages in lamina propria (intestine), Cardiac sx, Arthralgias, Neurologic sx
also weight loss, lymphadenopathy, hyperpigmentation
114
ULCCCERS
sx of ulcerative colitis
Ulcers, Large intestine, Continuous, Colorectal carcinoma, Crypt abscesses, Extends proximally, Red diarrhea, Sclerosing cholangitis
115
5 2s of Meckel diverticulum
2 inches long, 2 feet from ileocecal valve, 2% of population, commonly presents in first 2 years of life, may have 2 types of epithelia (gastric/pancreatic)
116
SBO ABCs
causes of small bowel obstruction
| Adhesions (~75%), Bulge (hernia - 2nd MC), Cancer (MC mets from colon)
117
3-2-1 rule
making dx of Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)
| 3 relatives w/ Lynch syndrome, associated cancers across 2 generations, 1 of whom must be dx'd before 50
118
5 Fs of cholelithiasis
Female, Fat, Forty, Fertile, Flatulent!
119
PANCREATITIS
```
causes of (you guessed it!) pancreatitis
hyperParathyroidism, Alcohol, Neoplasm, Cholelithiasis, Rx, ERCP, Abdominal surgery/Autoimmune, hyperTriglyceridemia, Infection (mumps), Trauma, Idiopathic, Scorpion sting
```
120
CANADA-P
causes of eosinophilia
Collagen vascular dz, Atopic dzs, Neoplasm, Adrenal insufficiency, Drugs, Acute interstitial nephritis, Parasites
also Loeffler eosinophilic pneumonitis, HIV, hyper-IgE syndrome, coccidiomycosis, etc.
121
"HALT," said the hunter to his target
causes of target cells
| HbC dz, Asplenia, Liver dz, Thalassemia
122
LEAD sucks
sx and tx of lead poisoning
Lead Lines on gingivae (Burton lines) an on metaphyses of long bones, Encephalopathy and Erythrocyte basophilic stippling, Abdomial colic and sideroblastic Anemia, wrist and foot Drop, Dimercaprol and EDTA both 1st line, succimer (sucks) used for kids
123
5 Ps of AIP
```
sx of AIP
Painful abdomen (neuropathic), Port wine-colored urine, Polyneuropathy, Psychological disturbances, Precipitated by drugs
```
124
Nasty Fever Torched His Kidneys or FAT RN
sx of TTP
Neurologic sx, Fever, Thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic Hemolytic anemia (MAHA), Renal sx
classic presentation: childbearing age woman w/ stroke, renal sx, MAHA, increased BUN/Cr
125
DIC
causes of DIC
| Delivery, Infection (G- sepsis), Cancer (adenocarcinoma, AML M3/APL)
126
CRAB
sx of MM
| hyperCalcemia, Renal involvement, Anemia (interference w/ other cell line maturation), Bone lytic lesions/Back pain
127
1 slow fat red ox, 2 fast skinny white breasts
differentiating the types of muscle fibers
type 1: slow twitch, use fat for energy (oxidative phosphorylation), red d/t lots of mitochondria/myoglobin
type 2: fast twitch, use glucose for energy (anaerobic), white d/t little mitochondria/myoglobin
128
ASEPTIC
causes of osteonecrosis/avascular necrosis
Alcoholism, SCD, Storage, Exogenous/Endogenous corticosteroids, Pancreatitis, Trauma, Idiopathic (Legg-Calve-Perthes dz), Caisson ("the bends")
129
can't see, can't spit, can't climb up shit
triad of Sjogren syndrome
| xerophthalmia, xerostomia, arthritis
130
can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree
triad of reactive arthritis (seronegative spondyloarthropathy)
conjunctivitis and anterior uveitis, urethritis, arthritis
131
RASH OR PAIN
sx of SLE
Rash (malar or discoid), Arthritis (synovitis - looks like RA), Soft tissues/Serositis, Hematologic disorders (eg, cytopenias, warm IgG), Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers, Renal dz/Raynaud phenomenon, Photosensitivity/Positive VDRL/RPR, Antinuclear abs, Immunosuppressants/Immune disorders, Neurologic disorders
132
A GRUELING Disease
sx of sarcoidosis
ACE increased, Granulomas, Rheumatoid arthritis, Uveitis, Erythema nodosum, Lymphadenopathy, Idiopathic, Noncaseating granulomas, Gammaglobulinemia, increased vD
133
CREST syndrome
Calcinosis, Raynaud phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia
134
Come, Let's Get Sun Burned!
layers of epidermis (superficial -> deep)
| Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
135
DAMN is a vulgar word
sx of pemphigus vulgaris
| Desmosomes, Acantholysis, Mouth involvement, Nikolsky sign + (separation of epidermis upon manual stroking of skin)
136
6 Ps of lichen planus
Pruritic, Purple, Polygonal Planar Papules and Plaques
137
ABCDEs of melanoma
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter > 6mm, Evolution over time
138
from low to high, your pons will die; from high to low, your brain will blow
effects of correcting serum Na+ too quickly
hyponatremia: osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis)
hypernatremia: cerebral edema/herniation
139
Don't Eat Greasy Foods
```
cerebellar nuclei (lateral -> medial)
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial
```
140
Parkinson dz TRAPS your body
sx of PD
Tremor (pill-rolling, at rest), Rigidity (cogwheel), Akinesia/bradykinesia, Postural instability, Shuffling gait (festinating)
also mask-like facies
141
a SUPERIOR at CALCULUS nerd who's always looking DOWN at his feet
injury to superior colliculus results in Parinaud syndrome (paralysis of upward gaze)
142
wet, wacky, and wobbly
sx of normal pressure hydrocephalus
| urinary incontinence, cognitive dysfunction, ataxia
143
Climbing On Slippery Slopes Sometimes Feels Funny, So Instead I Just Juggle Jack Hammers (Standing Room Only)
```
foramina each of the CNs traverse
I: Cribriform plate
II: Optic canal
III/IV/V1/VI: Superior orbital fissure
V2: Foramen Rotundum
V3: Foramen Ovale
VII/VIII: Internal acoustic meatus
XI/X/XI: Jugular foramen
XII: Hypoglossal canal
Standing Room Only: branches of V
```
144
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More
types of information each CN carries (S: Sensory, M: Motor, B: Both)
145
Lovely Bella Had An STD
causes of Bell's palsy
| Lyme dz, Herpes simplex (and herpes zoster, called Ramsay Hunt syndrome), AIDS, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, DM
146
LR6SO4R3
innervations of the extraocular muscles
VI: Lateral Rectus
IV: Superior Oblique
III: everything else (medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior obilque, levator palpebrae)
147
STURGE
sx of Sturge-Weber syndrome
| Sporadic/port-wine Stain, Tram track calcifications (opposing gyri), U/l, Retardation, Glaucoma/GNAQ gene, Epilepsy
148
HAMARTOMAS
sx of tuberous sclerosis
Hamartomas of CNS and skin, Angiofibromas, Mitral regurg, Ash-leaf spots, cardiac Rhabdomyoma, (Tuberous sclerosis), autosomal dOminant, Mental retardation, renal Angiomyolipoma, Seizures/Shagreen patches
149
MGM Studios
MC brain tumors of adults (in order!)
| Metastasis, Glioblastoma multiforme, Meningioma, Schwannoma
150
Animal kingdom, Magic kingdom, Epcot
MC brain tumors of children (in order!)
| pilocytic Astrocytoma, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma
151
EFGHIJ
ADRs of Ethosuximide
| Fatigue, GI distress, HA, Itching, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
152
Phenytoin Has Given MDs Frustration
ADRs of phenytoin
Peripheral neuropathy, Hirsutism, Gingival hyperplasia, Megaloblastic anemia, Drug-induced lupus, Fetal hydantoin syndrome
153
Steve Jobs made APPLE PCS
drugs that cause Stevens-Johnson syndrome
| Allopurinol, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Lamotrigine, Ethosuximide, PCN, Carbamazepine, Sulfonamides
154
BALSA
tx of PD
| Bromocriptine, Amantadine, Levodopa/carbidopa, Selegiline, Benztropine
155
mature adults wear a SASH
mature ego defenses
| Sublimation, Altruism, Suppression, Humor
156
DIG FAST
sx of manic episode
Distractability, Irresponsibility, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, increase in goal-directed Activity/psychomotor Agitation, decreased need for Sleep, Talkativeness or pressured speech
157
SIGECAPS or DIGS CAPES
sx of MDD
Depressed mood, loss of Interest (anhedonia), Guilt or feelings of worthlessness, Sleep disturbances, Concentration problems, Appetite/weight changes, Psychomotor retardation or agitation, Energy loss or fatigue, Suicidal ideation
must have depressed mood or anhedonia to qualify for MDD
158
SAD PERSONS are more likely to complete suicide
Sex (male), Age (teenager or elderly), Depression, Previous attempt (single most important determining factor), Ethanol or drug use, loss of Rational thinking, Sickness (medical illness, 3 or more scripts), Organized plan, No spouse (divorced, widowed, or single, especially if childless), Social support lacking
access to firearms/weapons important, too
159
PANICS
sx of panic attacks
Palpitations, Paresthesias, Abdominal distress, Nausea, Intense fear of dying or losing control, lIght-headedness, Chest pain, Chills, Choking, disConnectedness, Sweating, Shaking, Shortness of breath
160
FEVER
sx of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
| Fever, Encephalopathy, Vitals unstable, Enzymes elevated, Rigidity of muscles
161
3 Cs of TCAs
Cardiotoxicity (arrhythmias), CNS toxicity (convulsions, coma), antiCholinergic effects
162
MAO Takes Pride In Red Shanghai
MAOIs
| Tranylcypromine, Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, Rasagiline (MAO-B selective), Selegiline (MAO-B selective)
163
POTTER
```
things Potter sequence is associated w/
Pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death), Oligohydramnios (trigger), Twisted face, Twisted Skin, Extremity defects, Renal failure (in utero)
```
164
60-40-20 rule
%age of body weight for average person
| 60% total body water, 40% ICF, 20% ECF (75% interstitial fluid, 25% plasma)
165
the kidneys put out FABulous Glittering LiquidS
```
renal tubular defects (in order!)
FAnconi syndrome (PCT), Bartter syndrome (thick ascending loop), Gitelman syndrome (DCT), Liddle syndrome (collecting tubule), Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess (collecting tubule)
```
166
pt w/ hyperkalemia? DO LABS
causes of hyperkalemia (shift K+ OUT of cells)
Digitalis (blocks Na+/K+ ATPase), hyperOsmolarity, Lysis of cells, Acidosis, Beta-blockers, high blood Sugar (insulin deficiency)
(causes of hypokalemia are essentially the opposites; insulin shifts K+ INto cells)
167
MUDPILES
causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis (adding acid)
Methanol (formic acid), Uremia, DKA, Propylene glycol, Iron/INH, Lactic acidosis, Ethylene glycol (oxalic acid), Salicylates (late)
168
HARD-ASS
causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (losing bicarb)
Hyperalimentation, Addison dz, Renal tubular acidosis, Diarrhea, Acetazolamide, Spironolactone, Saline infusion
169
can't see, can't pee, can't hear a buzzing bee
Alport syndrome (ab against collagen IV, alpha5 subunit)
170
FEAR the drug-induced interstitial nephritis!
sx of drug-induced interstitial nephritis
| Fever, Eosinophilia, Azotemia, Rash
171
MAD HUNGER
consequences of renal failure
Metabolic Acidosis, Dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia), Hyperkalemia, Uremia, Na+/H2O retention, Growth retardation and developmental delay, EPO failure, Renal osteodystrophy
172
OH DANG!
ADRs of loop diuretics
| Ototoxicity, Hypokalemia, Dehydration, Allergy (sulfa), Nephritis (interstitial), Gout
173
hyperGLUC
ADRs of thiazide diuretics
| hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, hyperCalcemia
174
captopril's CATCH
ADRs of ACEIs
Cough (increased bradykinin), Angioedema, Teratogen (fetal renal and cardiac malformations), increased Creatinine, Hyperkalemia/Hypotension
175
TENitalia
genitalia recognizable on fetus by 10 weeks
176
MAGIC COPS
derivatives of neural crest
Melanocytes, Aorticopulmonary septum, Ganglia, Iris stroma, Chromaffin cells, CNS, Odontoblasts/Ossicles, Parafollicular "c" cells, Sclerae
177
VACTERL
mesodermal defects
Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle)
178
ears, tonsils, bottom-to-top
branchial pouch derivatives in order!
1: ear
2: tonsils
3: dorsal (bottom for inferior parathyroids), ventral (to = thymus)
4: top (superior parathyroids)
179
Point and Shoot!
autonomic innervation of male sexual response
erection: parasympathetic (pelvic nerve)
emission: sympathetic (hypogastric nerve)
ejaculation: visceral and somatic nerves (pudendal nerve)
180
Menopause Sx wreak HAVOC
sx of menopause
| Mood changes, Sleep disturbances, Hot flashes, Atrophy of vagina, Vaginal dryness, Osteoporosis, Coronary artery dz
181
Serous Epithelial Malignancies are Clearly Bad
types of surface epithelial tumors of the ovary
Serous, Endometrioid, Mucinous, Clear cell, Brenner
high malignant potential
182
STACKED
drugs that cause gynecomastia
| Spironolactone, THC, Alcohol, Cimetidine, Ketoconazole, Estrogens, Digoxin
183
Eradicate Ball Cancer
common tx regimen for testicular cancer
Etoposide, Bleomycin, Cisplatin
can substitute ifosfamide for bleomycin
184
RALS
relation of pulmonary artery to bronchus at each lung hilum
R: Anterior
L: Superior
185
I ate 10 eggs at 12
structures perforating diaphragm (and levels)
T8: IVC
T10: Esophagus, vagus nerve (CN X)
T12: Aorta, Azygos vein, thoracic duct
*bonus! At T-1-2 it's the red, white, and blue
186
bifourcations
common carotid: C4
trachea: T4
abdominal aorta: L4
187
CADET, face Right
things that cause a right shift of hemoglobin dissociation curve
increased CO2, Acid (H+/Cl-)/Altitude, 2,3-DPG, Exercise, Temperature
