Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
MCC neural tube defects
A
folate deficiency
2
Q
MC preventable cause of congenital malformations in US
A
fetal alcohol syndrome
3
Q
hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens dislocation
A
Marfan syndrome
4
Q
hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
A
Alport syndrome
5
Q
“worst headache of my life”
A
SAH
6
Q
lucid interval following head trauma
A
epidural hematoma
7
Q
bloody CSF following head trauma
A
epidural hematoma
8
Q
bloody CSF on LP
A
SAH
9
Q
MCC subdural hematoma
A
rupture of bridging veins
10
Q
MCC epidural hematoma
A
rupture of MMA
11
Q
MCC dementia
A
Alzheimer’s disease
12
Q
second MCC dementia
A
vascular dementia
13
Q
extracellular amyloid deposits in gray matter
A
amyloid plaques
14
Q
intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
A
neurofibrillary tangles
15
Q
intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein seen on silver stain
A
Pick bodies
16
Q
treatment for absence seizures
A
ethosuximide
17
Q
conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
A
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
18
Q
degeneration of dorsal columns
A
tabes dorsalis
19
Q
demyelinating disease in a young woman
A
multiple sclerosis
20
Q
mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
A
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
21
Q
depigmentation of substantia nigra
A
Parkinson’s disease
22
Q
chorea, dementa and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
A
Huntington disease
23
Q
eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
A
Lewy bodies
24
Q
toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
A
(+) Babinski reflex
25
amyloid deposits in gray matter of brain
senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
26
drooling farmer
organophosphate poisoning
27
medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
alpha antagonists
28
selective alpha1-antagonist used to treat BPH
tamsulosin (or -zosins)
29
four pharmacokinetic equations
```
Vd = D/C (Vd: volume of distribution; D: IV drug concentration; C: plasma concentration of drug)
CL = rate of elimination/plasma concentration = (0.7 x Vd)/t1/2 = K x Vd (CL: clearance; K: elimination constant)
LD = Css x Vd (LD: loading dose; Css: concentration at steady state)
MD = Css x CL (MD: maintenance dose)
```
30
continuous, machine-like heart murmur
PDA
31
"boot-shaped heart"
tetralogy of Fallot
32
rib notching
coarctation of aorta
33
MC congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
34
MC congenital cause of early cyanosis
tetralogy of Fallot
35
bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
aortic regurgitation
36
continuous, machine-like murmur
PDA
37
bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget disease of bone
38
vertebral compression fractures
osteoporosis
39
positive anterior drawer sign
ACL tear
40
tenderness in the anatomical snuffbox
scaphoid fracture
41
swollen, hard, painful finger joints
osteoarthritis
42
swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
rheumatoid arthritis
43
cartilage erosion with polished bone underneath
osteoarthritis
44
swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
gout (podagra)
45
positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals
pseudogout
46
negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
gout
47
bamboo spine on X-ray
ankylosing spondylitis
48
HLA-B27
seronegative spondyloarthropathies
49
pencil-in-cup deformity on X-ray of finger
psoriatic arthritis
50
anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA abs
SLE
51
anti-histone abs
drug-induce lupus erythematosis
52
anti-centromere abs
CREST syndrome
53
anti-topoisomerase abs
diffuse systemic scleroderma
54
anti-Jo-1 abs
polymyositis
55
anti-Ro abs
Sjögren syndrome
56
arthritis, dry mouth, and dry eyes
Sjögren syndrome
57
keratin pearls on skin biopsy
squamous cell carcinoma
58
MC malignant skin tumor
basal cell carcinoma
59
main artery of pelvis
internal iliac artery
60
main nerve of pelvis
pudendal nerve
61
"bag of worms" scrotum
varicocele
62
MC cancer in men
prostate cancer
63
MCC urinary obstruction in men
BPH
64
MC treatment of erectile dysfunction
PDE5 inhibitor
65
hepatic adenoma
OCP use
66
"grape-like" vaginal tumor
sarcoma botryoides/embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
67
koilocytes
HPV infection
68
MC benign tumor in women
leiomyoma
69
"chocolate cyst" of ovary
endometriosis
70
"powder burn" lesion
endometriosis
71
MCC infertility in women
PCOS
72
midcycle pelvic pain associated with ovulation
mittelschmerz
73
ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meig's syndrome
74
teratoma -> hyperthyroidism
struma ovarii
75
"snowstorm" appearance on ultrasound
hydatidiform mole
76
MC genetic cause of intellectual disability
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
77
second MC genetic cause of intellectual disability
Fragile X syndrome
78
horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, and cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
79
rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18)
80
MC cancer in women in U.S.
breast cancer
81
MC benign breast tumor
fibroadenoma
82
MC malignant breast tumor
invasive ductal carcinoma
83
blue dome cyst in breast
fibrocystic changes
84
treatment for ER+ breast cancer
tamoxifen
85
red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple
Paget disease of breast
86
branching, filamentous, Gram+ rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
87
standard treatment for T. pallidum
PCN
88
cellulitis from dog or cat bite
Pasteurella multocida
89
non-painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
chancre of primary syphilis
90
moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
condyloma lata of secondary syphilis
91
large bull's-eye rash
erythema migrans
92
associated with a Ghon focus or Ghon complex + hilar lymphadenopathy
primary TB
93
associated with lung infiltrate in the apical-posterior segments of upper lobes
reactivation TB
94
standard initial treatment regimen for TB
RIPE + pyridoxine (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
95
eczema, recurrent cold abscesses, high serum IgE
hyper-IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
96
large phagosomal vesicles in neutrophils
Chédiak-Higashi disease
97
newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
Erb's palsy
98
dysphagia, glossitis, and iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
99
hematemesis with retching
esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tear, Boerhaave syndrome
100
mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
signet ring cell
101
MC type of stomach cancer
adenocarcinoma
102
ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenberg tumor
103
gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
104
acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
105
acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
106
delayed puberty and anosmia
Kallman syndrome
107
weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy and hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
108
anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin antibodies
Celiac disease
109
vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
folic acid
110
most common surgical emergency
appendicitis
111
severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney's sign/point
112
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
113
multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner syndrome
114
"apple core" lesion on barium enema
colon cancer
115
most common site of colonic diverticula
sigmoid colon
116
"string sign" on contrast X-ray
Crohn's disease
117
"lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast X-ray
ulcerative colitis
118
painless jaundice
pancreatic cancer
119
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
gallstones and alcohol
120
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
chronic alcohol abuse
121
severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I
122
mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert syndrome
123
triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
hepatic steatosis/fatty liver disease
124
eosinophilic inclusions in cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory bodies
125
cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma
126
hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari syndrome
127
green/yellow corneal deposits
Kayser-Fleischer ring of Wilson disease
128
low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease
129
cirrhosis, diabetes and hyperpigmentation
hemochromatosis
130
chronic sinusitis, infertility and situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome
131
elevated D-dimer
PE, DVT
132
hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow's triad
133
blue bloater
hypoxia, hypercapnia (chronic bronchitis)
134
pink puffer
dyspnea, hyperventilation (emphysema)
135
Curschmann spirals
shed epithelium from mucus plugs (asthma)
136
bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
sarcoidosis
137
anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture syndrome
138
honeycomb lung on X-ray
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
139
"tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
140
iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)
141
lung cancer associated with SIADH
small cell lung cancer
142
tumor associated with Horner syndrome
Pancoast tumor
143
lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia
squamous cell carcinoma
144
lung cancer associated with Cushing syndrome
small cell lung cancer
145
lung cancer associated with weakness
small cell lung cancer (Lambert-Eaton syndrome)
146
substances associated with lung cancer
cigarette smoke, radon, silica, asbestos
147
chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and persistent fever occurring several weeks after an MI
Dressler syndrome
148
splinter hemorrhages under fingernails
infective endocarditis
149
retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth spots
150
heart valve most commonly involved in infective endocarditis
mitral valve
151
heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with infective endocarditis
tricuspid valve
152
granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies of rheumatic heart disease
153
MC primary cardiac tumor in adults
left atrial myxoma
154
MC primary cardiac tumor in children
rhabdomyoma
155
MCC constrictive pericarditis
U.S.: SLE
| rest of the world: TB
156
c-ANCA
granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis)
157
p-ANCA
eosinophilic granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss)
158
treatment for thromboangiitis obliterans
smoking cessation
159
treatment for giant cell arteritis
high-dose corticosteroids
160
```
equations for:
sensitivity
specificity
PPV
NPV
```
sensitivity: TP/(TP + FN)
specificity: TN/(TN + FP)
PPV: TP/(TP + FP)
NPV: TN/(TN + FN)
161
"strawberry" cervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
162
clue cells
Gardnerella BV
163
bacteria w/ "school of fish" appearance
Haemophilus ducreyi
164
boy w/ self-mutilating behavior, intellectual disability and gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
165
orotic acid in urine + elevated serum ammonia
ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency
166
orotic acid in urine + normal serum ammonia
orotic aciduria
167
megaloblastic anemia that doesn't improve w/ folate and B12
orotic aciduria
168
MC class of meds for bulimia nervosa
SSRIs
169
MC medication for ADHD
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
170
medical tx for alcohol withdrawal
benzodiazepines
171
most effective tx for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics Anonymous
172
atrophy of mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
173
tx for central DI
desmopression
174
tx for nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, indomethacin, amiloride
175
tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride
176
bluish-colored lines on gingivae
lead lines/Burton's lines
177
tx of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
vitamin D
178
swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on skin
scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)
179
most common vitamin deficiency in U.S.
B9 (folate)
180
hypersegmented neutrophils
megaloblastic anemia (vB9 or vB12 deficiency)
181
dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
wet beri-beri (vB1 deficiency)
182
inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
Sheehan syndrome (pituitary ischemic infarct following postpartum hemorrhage)
183
infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia
prolactinoma
184
MCC Cushing syndrome (4)
1) exogenous steroid use (iatrogenic)
2) ectopic ACTH secretion
3) ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
4) adrenal tumor that secretes cortisol
185
MCC primary hyperaldosteronism
adrenal adenoma (Conn syndrome)
186
medical tx for hyperaldosteronism
spironolactone, eplerenone
187
adrenal dz associated w/ skin hyperpigmentation
Addison dz
188
HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
189
MC tumor of adrenal
benign, non-functioning adrenal adenoma (incidentaloma)
190
MC tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
pheochromocytoma
191
MC tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
neuroblastoma
192
medical tx for pheochromocytoma
nonselective alpha-blocker, then beta-blocker
193
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
MEN 2A
194
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
MEN 2B
195
cold intolerance
hypothyroidism
196
most common thyroid cancer
papillary carcinoma
197
enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground-glass nuclei
papillary carcinoma
198
MCC hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism
199
MCC primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
200
MCC secondary hyperparathyroidism
chronic renal failure
201
MCC hypoparathyroidism
accidental parathyroidectomy (w/ thyroidectomy)
202
facial muscle spasm when tapping on cheek
Chvostek sign
203
carpal-pedal spasms w/ inflation of BP cuff
Trousseau sign
204
parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumors
MEN 1
205
preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
heparin or LMWH
206
preferred anticoagulant for long-term anticoagulation
warfarin
207
preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
heparin or LMWH
208
causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
iron deficiency, thalassemia, lead poisoning, anemia of chronic dz
209
skull X-ray shows "hair-on-end" appearance
beta thalassemia
210
basophilic stippling of RBCs
lead poisoning
211
painful cyanosis of fingers and toes w/ hemolytic anemia
cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
212
red urine in the morning and fragile RBCs
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
213
basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
214
autosplenectomy
sickle cell anemia
215
drug used to tx sickle cell disease
hydroxyurea (increases HbF)
216
antiplatelet antibodies
immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
217
bleeding disorder w/ gpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
218
MC inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
219
cancer MC associated w/ noninfectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma (B sx)
220
sheets of lymphoid cells, "starry sky" appearance
Burkitt lymphoma
221
large B cells w/ bilobed nuclei and prominent "owl's eye" inclusions
Reed Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma
222
smudge cells
CLL
223
reddish-pink rods in cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer rods (AML M3 subtype)
224
dark purple lesions on skin in an HIV pt
Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)
225
temporal lobe encephalitis
HSV-1
226
"owl eye" inclusions in organ tissue
CMV
227
intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
type A Cowdry bodies (HSV, VZV, CMV)
228
aplastic anemia in sickle cell pt
parvovirus B19
229
child w/ a fever and "slapped cheek" rash on face that spreads to body
parvovirus B19 (fifth dz)
230
fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, and diffuse rash
rubeola (measles)
231
small, irregular, blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa, surrounded by base of red
Koplik spots (measles)
232
dark purple nodules on skin of HIV pt
Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)
233
large cells w/ owl eye inclusions
CMV
234
tx for CMV
ganciclovir
235
MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)
236
drugs used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
TMP/SMX
237
tx for oral candidiasis
nystatin, fluconazole
238
MC opportunistic infection in HIV pts
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
239
prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS pts
TMP/SMX
240
tx for systemic candidiasis
fluconazole, amphotericin B, echinocandin
241
tx for Sporothrix schenckii
itraconazole, potassium iodide
242
ring-enhancing brain lesion in HIV pt
Toxoplasma gondii
243
tx for Trichomonas vaginalis
metronidazole for pt + sexual contacts
244
MC protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
