Module 1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
How much of all named species are insects
A
About 50 percent
2
Q
Vertebrates
A
Have an internal skeleton and a spinal column to reach large body sizes
3
Q
Invertebrates
A
No internal support structure
Support structure is outside the body
Exoskeleton
4
Q
What animals are vertebrates
A
Fish
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
All other animals are invertebrates
5
Q
Arhtropods are
A
Organisms with jointed appendeges
6
Q
Arhtropods make up what percentage of known organisms
A
60 percent
7
Q
Arthropod body plan
A
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body
Ventral nerve cord
Dorsal blood vessel
Exoskeleton
8
Q
Bilateral symmetry
A
If an organisms can be split vertically evenly
9
Q
Radial symmetry
A
Circular body plan
10
Q
Dorsal ventral axis
A
Top to bottom
11
Q
Anterior posterior axis
A
Front to back
12
Q
Lateral axis
A
One side to another
13
Q
Ventral nerve cordis exclusive to
A
Arthropods
14
Q
Arthropod open circulatory system
A
Athropods don’t have a networ of blood vessles but rather a single dorsal blood with openings to criculate blood
Tissues are directly exposed to this
15
Q
Exoskeleton
A
Made up of cuticle and epidermis
16
Q
Cuticle is made up of
A
Chitin
17
Q
Layers of cuticle
A
(Top to bottom)
Epicuticle
Exocuticle
Endocuticle
18
Q
Epidermis
A
Layer beneath the cuticle that secretes it
19
Q
Basement membrane
A
Seperates epidermis from body cavity
20
Q
Epicuticle
A
Prevents water loss and prevents disease
21
Q
Exoskeleton ridges
A
Internal ridges that act as sites for muscle attachment and provides support for the internal organs
22
Q
Exoskeleton is both
A
Hard and fleixble
23
Q
Exocuticle
A
Hardened through tanning and maybe mineralization and calcification
24
Q
Tanning
A
Cross-linking of proteins- also known as scleritization
25
Endocutucle
Soft and fleixble layer
26
Exoskeleton constraints
Limits size of organism
27
Arthropod solution to constraint
Moulting- shedding exoskeleton for new one
28
Moulting step 1
Apolysis
Seperation of old cuticle from underlying epidermal cells
29
Apolysis is triggered by
Ecdysteroid moulting hormone from prothoracic glands
30
Moulting step 2
Digestive fluid breaks down endocuticle
31
Moulting step 3
New cuticle is secreted by epidermal cells
32
Moulting step 4
Ecdysis
Old cuticle is cast off
33
New cuticle after moulting is
Pale and soft
34
To increase hardness of cuticle atrhtopods
Contract its muscles to increase internal fluid pressure in its body
This inflates the gut to occupy more space
35
Cost of moulting
Very vulnerable to predation and desicration
36
First athropods came in the
Cambrien period
37
Most dominent atrhropod during cambrien
Trilobytes
38
Trilobyte features
Spiny exoskeleton for defense
Distinct body segmentation
Jointed legs
39
Trilobyte lived in
Water environments
40
Earliest land animals were
The arthropods in the celerian period
41
Arthropod traits that made them fit for land
Exoskeleton and jointed legs to provide protection from drying out and gravity and means of locomotion
42
More recent arthropod that evolved
Honeybees (34 million years ago)
43
Insect fossils at the U of A
Can be 56 million to 39 million years old
44
Trilobytes first evolved
520 million years ago
45
Trilobytes went extinct
250 million years ago
Lived 4 major extinction events
46
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history
47
Taxonomy
Classifying and naming organisms in a system
48
Taxonomic ranks
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
49
All animals belong to the kingdom
Anamillia
50
Arthropods belong to the phylum
Arhtropoda
51
Major groupings of arhtropods
Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda
52
Chelicerata
Horseshoe crabs
Spiders
Scorpions
Can be predators, herbivores, or parasites
53
Myriapoda
Millipedes
Centipides
54
Crustacea
Crabs and lobsters as well as isopods
54
Hexapoda
Insects and non-insect groups
55
Recent studies for crustacea and hexapoda state
They should be together in a gorup called pancrusteacea
56
How to tell apart an insect from something else
Number of body regions
Number of pairs of legs in adults
Number of antanae
Presence of wings
57
Tagmata
Body regions
58
Chelicerata and myriapoda have how many body regions
2
59
Hexapoda have how many body regions
3
60
Chelicerata have how many pairs of legs
4
61
How many pairs of leg do myriapoda have
8+
62
Hexapoda have how many pairs of legs
3
63
Chelicerata do not have
antanae
64
Myriapoda and hexapoda have how many pairs of antanae
1
65
Chelicerata and myriapoda have how many wings
None
66
Do hexpoda have wings
Only insects
67
None-insects have
entognathous moutparts
Mouthparts are in a cavity within the head
68
Insects have
Ectognathous mouthparts
External to the head
69
Carboniferous period insects
Dragonflies had wings up to 75cm long
Some insects were 2.6 metres long
70
What restricts insect size now
Less oxygen content in the atmosphere
71
Insect gas exchange is done by
simple diffusion
72
Insect gas exchange system
Done by trachea (tracheal system) which are tiny tubes that process air into smaller branches (tracheoles)
73
Being small advantages
Less resources needed
Can make use microhabitats
74
Insect temperature regulation
Ectotherems
Rely on external sources of heat
Insects have a large surface area to volule ratio to better absorb heat
75
Passive dispersal
When animals use modes of locomotion other than their own muscles (eg. wind dispersal)
76
Small body size disadvantages
Increased predation
Greater vulnerability to damage
Puts them at risk to water loss from evaporation
77
Sensilla
Perceive and relay info from exoskeleton to nervous system
Allows insects to navigatwe their environment
78
Ametabolous development
Juveniles look and act like smaller versions of adults
Only distinction is the lack of sexual features in juveniles
They have never evolved to have wings
Only small amount of insects go through this
79
Apterygote
wingless insects
80
Incomplete metamorphosis
Hemimetabolic development
Juveniles require different environments from the adults (ie dragonfly juveniles living in aquatic environments
Only differ by lack of wings and reproductive organs
81
Holometabolous development
Complete metamorphosis
Juveniles and adults live in the same environment
Young and adult insects differ grreatly
82
Exoterygotes
Wings grow externally to the body
only found in insects with incomplete metamorphosis
83
Pupa
dormant form between the juvenile and adult form
pupa can be covered in cocoon or covered by part of the exoskeleton or puparium
84
Eclosion
Hatching of adult or hatching of egg
85
Larvae
Juvenile insects with great differences from adults
86
Imaginal discs
Cause wing development in the body
87
Endopterygotes
Wing development happens in the body
88
Holometabola
Phylogenetic group that has endopterygotes
89
Juvenile hormone
Inhibit adult characteristics
90
Hemimetabolous stages
JH levels
Nymph will only moult into an adult when JH is absent
91
Holometabolous stages
JH levels
A reduced level of JH puts the insect into the pupil stage
JH is absent during the pupil stage leading to moulting to an adult
92
JH in adult life
Can play a role in repro for females
93
Diapause
Developmental arrest due to unfavorable conditions
Repro is halted
Metabolic stages are limited
Can happen in any season
94
Wings is a tell that an insect is an
Adult
95
Wings require insects to have an
Advanced sensory system to adapt to moving fast
96
Insects colonies
Queen only reproduces and males forage and provide structure
97
How many species of insects have been found
1 million
98
All insects belong to the class
Insecta which is part of hexapoda
99
How many insect orders are in insecta
29
100
Holometabola
Undergo complete metamorphosis
101
Order Odonata
Dragonflies and damselflies
6000 species
One of the oldest orders to exits
Incomplete metamorphosis
Adults have membrane wings and large heads and thin bodies
Found near bodies of water as juveniles are aquatic or semiaquatic
Incomplete metamorphosis
102
Blattodea
4500 species of cockroaches and 3000 species of termites
Incomplete metamorphosis
103
Cockroach guts
Have symbiotic relationship with microbes that allow them to consume things other bugs cannot
104
Termites
Dependant on close relationships with microbs in their gut
Eusocial and live in large colonies with a king and queen
Important for nutrient cycling
Can be pests
Incomplete metamorphosis
105
Cockroaches
Long thin legs for running
Dorsoventrally flattened to go under small spaces
Adults have leathery, protected forewings
Incomplete metamorphosis
106
Orthoptera
27k species of grasshoppers, crickets and katydids
Can be herbivores, omnivores or carnivoresJuvedults
Adults have leathery, protective forewings
Have well developed thorax that houses flight muscels
Hind-legs modified for jumping
Have elaborate courtship behaviors (Males make songs by rubbing wings)
Can be pests
Incomplete metamorphosis
107
Hemiptera
80k species
Having piercing-sucking mouthparts
Important agricultural or medical pests
Can transmit pathogens to crops or people
Incomplete metamorphosis
108
Colepotera (Beetles)
Over 390k species
Elytra (scleritized forewings that protect the hingwings to allow flight)
Complete metamorphosis
Can resemble what they eat and are important for nutrient cycling
Predation is common
109
Can beetles be pests?
Yes but they can also help an ecosystem
110
Hymenoptera
Over 150k species
Ants, wasps, bees
Haplodiploidy
111
Haplodiploidy
The gender is determined by the amount of chromosomes they receive (males have one females have two)
112
Diptera
160k species
True flies
One single pair of membranous wings
Hind wings are turned into halteres
113
Halteres
Help guide rapid flight
114
Adult flies live off of
Liquids
Allows them to either be something like a polinator or be a vector of human disease
115
Lepidoptera
180k moth and butterfly species
Wings are covered by scales which are modified hairs
Also have a proboscis that allow them to consume food (coiled up below head when not used)
Larvae can be pests (caterpillars)
116
Malaise traps
Traps flying insects
117
Pitfall traps
For groundwelling insects
118
Baited traps
Traps specific species
119
What best collects insects
Nets (works in both aquatic and land insects)
120
Collecting aquatic organisms
Dump it into a white bowl and then pippete the individuals
121
Aquatic invertebrate bodies are
Very fagile so need to be kept in 95 percent ehtanol
122
How are captured insects preserved
They are pinned to a spreading board and then preserved
Soft bodied insects are kept in ehtanol
Small insects are attached to a triangular piece of paper
123
Labelling of insects
Location is neeeded
Collection date
Collector name
Taxonomic info on a different piece of paper
placed on a pinning block or with alcohol proof paper to not disturb the insect
