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ENT 101 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Body regions of insect

A

Head

Thorax

Abdomen

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2
Q

Plates on the bottom side of the insect

A

Sternum

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3
Q

Plates on the top side

A

Tergum

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4
Q

Top part of thorax

A

Notum

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5
Q

Bottom plates of thorax

A

Pleuron

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6
Q

Antannae

A

Pair of appendeges that come out of an insects head and can be used to identify insect type

Have sensilla that process stimuli

Can detect many things

Allow insects to perceive flight speed

Can hold onto partner during maiting

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7
Q

Compound eyes

A

Made up of ommatidia

All images perceived by ommatidia combine to make one image

Each one can be considered its own eye with a lens and a crystaline cone

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8
Q

Pigment cells

A

Adapt the photosensitivity of the eye

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9
Q

Ocelli (simple eyes)

A

Cuticle is curved onto a lens

Connected to extedned retina that connects to many sensory cells

Appear as small swellings on the head

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10
Q

Labrum

A

Protects the other mouthpart sructures

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11
Q

Mandibles

A

Have powerful muscles and are the largest part

Used to cut tear and crush food

Can be used as tools or weapons

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12
Q

Maxillae

A

Less powerful than mandibles but positions food towards mandibles

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13
Q

Labium

A

Bottom of insect mouth

Used with maxillae to modify food

Can be modified (Dragonfly modified to be strong and piercing)

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14
Q

Palps

A

Can be found on the maxillary and labium

Allow insects to smell and taste

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15
Q

Mouthpart adaptations for liquid food

A

Piercing sucking mouthparts

Siphoning mouthparts

Sponging mouthparts

Chewing-lapping mouthparts

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16
Q

Piercing sucking mouthparts

A

Used by insects to pierce food and access food within

Associated with salivary glands to break down and digest food

Usually insects with this have muscular sucking pumps in their heads

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17
Q

Siphoning mouthparts

A

Allow insects to siphon nutrients through a long proboscis

Only found in butterf

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18
Q

Sponging mouthparts

A

Known as a labellum

Covered in many grooves that allow the uptake of liquid food by capillary action

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19
Q

Chewing-lapping mouthparts

A

Unique to bees

Allow them to feed on nectar

Works like a tongue to bring up nectar

Bees also have mandibles for feeding and other tasks

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20
Q

Parts of the thorax from closest to head to farthest

A

Prothorax

Mesothorax

Metathorax

Each segment has legs but only the last two hang wings

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21
Q

External genitalea is found in

A

The posterior end and used for mating

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22
Q

Adeagus

A

Male sexual organ

Protected in body until mating

Contains penis and claspers

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23
Q

Claspers

A

Allows male to hold onto female

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24
Q

Ovipositors

A

Used to deposit eggs

Can be external

Can have sensory structures to detect cues

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25
Telescoping ovipositors
Retract eggs between laying sessions
26
Parasitic ovipositors
Very long and used to insert into insects deep within plant tissues
27
Cerci
Snesory appendeges at the end of the abdomen Can detect air currents of predators approaching from behind Can be modified to make pinsirs Can be used for repro (claspers)
28
Insect digestive tract
A single complete tube known as the alimentary canal
29
Alimentary canal
Only a single cell layer thick, rests on thin fibrous extracellular matrix of tissue called a basement membrane, surrounded by the gut muscles
30
Insects that feed on solid food Alimentary canal is
Wide short and straight Strong muscles to prevent abrasions
31
Insects that feed on liquid food Alimentary canal is
Long narrow and convoluded to maximize surface area for liquids
32
Plant feeding insect
Have little nutrient containing food like leaves and stems Little need for alimentary canal to be large so they are generally short
33
Animal feeding insect
Need large food storage capacity and a large alimentary to sustain themselves when resources are scarce
34
Insect digestive system regions
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
35
Foregut
Where food is digested and broken down sometimes food is stored there
36
Midgut
Where most digestion occurs
37
Hindgut
Absorption of water salts and other nutrients happens in the hindgut
38
Foregut and hindgut have a
Cuticular lining that must shed during a moult
39
Digestion begins with (digestion steps)
The help of the salivary glands It is turned into a bolus and passed into the pharynx It then moves through the esophogous and into the crop where it is stored It is then moved into the proventriculus where it can be further broken down by its many teeth (mostly common in solid and fibrous diets) Passed into the midgut where it is mostly broken down into simple molecules by enzymes Midgut pH is between 6 and 7.5 Midgut absroption is maximized by outpockets on the front end of the midgut called the gastric caeca that make more space Midgut has the peritrophic membrane and keeps the gut protected and compartmentalized (must be secreted constantly while insect is feeding) Malpighian tubules are extensions of the hindgut that permeate into the insects body cavity. They remove nitrogenous waste and maintian osmoregulatory balance (distal ends remove substances in the insects blood. Anything that is removed is reabsorbed later before excretion) Hindgut cocentrates waste and absorbs water. salt and other nutrients. After absorption, everything else exits the rectum via the anus as frass (waste).
40
Symbionts
Organisms that help with metabolic processes Can include protists, bacteria and fungi Helps digest material that insects cant handle on their own Can detoxify poisons Can be moved from insect to insect via either vertical or transovarial transmission
41
Osmoregulation
Terrestrial insects release concentrated nitrogenous waste called uric acid It has low toxicity and can be excreted with very little water
42
Fat body
Network of fatty tissue that is in the abdominal cavity Helps metabolize large macromolecules Also essential for nutrient storage (insect draws on it during non-feeding parts of its life cycle) Contributes large amount of insects weight
43
Hemolymph
Insect blood Colourless and contains nutrients Most of an insects body weights Does not have hemoglobin so cannot transport oxygen Has distasteful chemicals to deter predators
44
Hemocoel
Where blood is stored in the insects Not blood vessels
45
Two parts of hemolymph
Liquid plasma Hemocytes
46
Plasma
Distributes nutrients and hormones
47
Hemocytes
Main part of insects immune systems In charge of coagulation to repair injuries
48
Dorsal blood vessel
Allows hemolymph to move into the vessels and circulate
49
Dorsal diaphragm
Supports the dorsal blood vessel
50
Ostia
One way valves in the dorsal blood vessel
51
Hemolymph travel pattern
Pumped out towards head and then travels back towards the rest of the body through muscular contractions of the ventral diaphragm Movement of hemolymph into appendages is done by additional pumps at the appendage
52
Gas exchange is done by
Trachea Tubes reinforced by cuticle
53
Cuticular lining of trachea is reinforced by
Spiral openings that prevent it from collapsing and still allow mobility These linings are shed when the insect moults because they are cuticular
54
Tracheoles
Smaller branches of trachea that are in contact with tissue Higher amount in tissues that have a higher demand of oxygen
55
Spiracles
Openings in the insect body that allow interaction with the outside world Found in the thorax and abdomen Have filters and valves that allow for gas exchange without letting Microparticles in or water loss Spiracles being closed means the insects are "holding their breath"
56
Air sac
Increase volume of air moving into trachea and can be involved in sound production Can also be compressed to allow for more room during a moult
57
Terrestrial insects have an
Open trachea system
58
Aquatic insects have a
Closed tracheal system No spiracles Gas exchange through the thin cuticle
59
Some aquatic insects have
Gills Leaf like extensions of the body with a network of cuticles under
60
Gas exchange system works from
Diffusion of gases from high to low concentration
61
Oxygen is taken (in or out)
In by tracheal network
62
CO2 is taken (in or out)
Out
63
CO2 can also move through the
Tissue through diffusion and into the spiracles
64
Water is (lost or gained)
Lost during gas exchange
65
Discontinuous gas exchange happens during
Inactivity Spiracles are kept close and gas exchange is through diffusion
66
Tracheal network in larger insects is proportionally
Larger because diffusion on its own is ineffective
67
Long thin body plans
Allow for a short distance between spiracles and tissue

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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