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ENT 101 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Passive dispersal

A

Movement by assistance of other things like wind/water/ other insects

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2
Q

Human assisted passive dispersal have led to the addition of

A

Invasive species

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3
Q

Passive dispersal requires

A

Less energy

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4
Q

Passive dispersal works best in

A

Small insects

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5
Q

Passive dispersal downsides

A

Insects can’t choose where they go

Can die during journey (have high repro rates to combat this)

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6
Q

What is used most in passive dispersal

A

Wind

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7
Q

Phoresy

A

Symbiotic relationship where a smaller individual is transported by a larger one

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8
Q

Globalization and trade

A

Have allowed for the addition of invasive species

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9
Q

Active dispersal

A

An organism moves itself

Norm for insects

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10
Q

Unique modes of locomotion

A

Water striders use hydrophobic hairs at the end of legs which create a barrier between them and water, allowing for them to not break water tension, increasing buoyancy

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11
Q

Dragonfly nymph movement

A

Gas chamber propels the nymphs forward in water

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12
Q

Mosquito pupa movement

A

Somersault head over tail underwater to move

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13
Q

Rove beetle

A

Can escape predators in water using Marangoni propulsion

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14
Q

Marangoni Propulsion

A

Shoots chemical from anus that propels the insect forward by reducing surface tension

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15
Q

Caterpillar avoiding predation

A

Wheel down surfaces by curling into a ball

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16
Q

Insect muscles

A

Act in tandem with the exoskeleton

Muscle is connected to inner surface of exoskeleton where cuticle is strengthened by apodeme

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17
Q

Resilin

A

Elastic tissue that works like tendons in vertebrates

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18
Q

Insect muscles are very

A

Efficient

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19
Q

Power of a muscle is dependent on

A

Area

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20
Q

Entire body mass of insect is associated with

A

Volume

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21
Q

Volume decreases

A

More than area

This shows insects are able to be strong despite their body size

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22
Q

Larval insects move through a

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

Muscles are attached to body cells

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23
Q

Turgidity

A

Body shape is determined by muscles

Contraction of these allows for movement

When muscles contract in one part of the body, another part relaxes, muscles contracting and relaxing creates an undulating or sinusoidal movement

Hooks and spikes are also used

Insect larvae use this underwater as well

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24
Q

Parts of the insect thorax that have appendeages

A

Prothorax

Metathorax

Mesothrox

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25
Insect segments
Coxa (closest to insect) Trochanter Femur Tibia Tarsus Pretarsus (fartherst to body)
26
Tripod gait
Keeping all legs on the ground at all times Provides stability
27
Cursorial
Running legs Well developed femur and tibia Allows insects to cover a lot of ground quickly Slim leg allows for increased stride amount
28
Raptorial
Spines on femur and tibia Used to grasp prey Preying mantis
29
Fossorial
Tibia is flattened with sceleritized ends to allow insect to burrow Tarsus are greatly reduced
30
Saltatorial legs
Femure and tibia are long to allow the insect to jump
31
Natatorial legs
Flattened legs with rows of cita to allow the insect to move in water High surface area
32
Proleg
Modified extensions coming out the body Lepidoptera, hymenoptera, and diptera have this in their larvae Have hooks to allow for gripping Not actually legs
33
Paleoptera
Cannot fold their wings into their body (dragonflies)
34
Neoptera
Can fold their wings using folding lines
35
Wing folding
Protects the wing from damage and allows them to fit into spaces
36
Mayfly subimago (just before adult)
Has wings
37
Forewings are attatches to
Mesothorax
38
Hindwings are attached to
metathorax
39
Wing structure
Membranous structure Membrane is made up of two thin layers of cuticle pressed together Wing veins are hollow and contain trachae, nervs and hemolymph
40
Early winged insects have many
Cross veins in the wings
41
Sclerites
Join wings to abdoman
42
Grasshoppers have evolved
Tegmina
43
Tegmina
Scleritized wings to provide protection for the hind wings used for steering in flight
44
Tegmina can also be used for
Sound Predator evasion
45
Hemelytra
Having half the forewing be mebranous and the whole hindwing is membranous
46
Elytra
Leathery wings that are completely scleretized
47
Lepidoptera wings
Wings in this order are used for mimicry, protection, camo, mate attraction, insulation, and temp regulation Achieved by scales on the wing sockets placed at an incline
48
Diptera wings
Hind wings are modified into halteres which are used for balancing These structures do not assist in flight
49
Campaniform sensilla
Sensory structures at the base of halteres used to assist flight
50
Termite wings
Only reproducing ones have wings which are also shed
51
Water strider wings
Wings are only present in unfavorable conditions to allow the offspring to fly away to a new habitat
52
Direct flight muscles
Up and down strokes are achieved by muscles attached to the sclerites at the base of each wing When the wing is moving up, the proxiaml muscle is used When moving down, the distal muscles is used
53
Paleoptera use
Direct flight
54
Most insects use
Indirect flight muscles
55
Indirect flight muscles
Attached to ridges in the thoracic endoskeleton
56
Two groups of indirect flight muscles
Dorsoventral muscles (up stroke) Dorsal longitudinal muscles ( down stroke)
57
Flight muscles are attached to
The notum and sternum within the insects thorax.
58
Indirect flight muscle movements
When one set of flight muscles contracts, the other relaxes, allowing for the wings to move up and down
59
Energy during flight
Energy is stored either in the cuticle or in the flight muscles and with each opposing stroke, energy is released
60
Types of wing movement
Vertical flapping motion Rotation of wing around its base to allow for pitch control by accounting for air movement. Also allows for 3D movement rather than just up and down Flexing for flight control
61
Wing tip moves in
A figure 8 pattern that allows for maximum efficiency
62
Different types of flight muscles and how they differ
Synchronous Asynchronous Differ in the amount of movements of the wing per nerve impulse sent to the wing
63
Synchronous muscles
One nerve impulse is one wing beat
64
Asynchronous
One nerve impulse is multiple wing beats
65
Lift in insect flight was created from
Leading edge vortexes (front-end) created on a fix point in the wing that spirals towards the tip
66
DPIV (Digital Particle Image Velocimetry)
Used to precisely detect the flow field of insect wings instantaneously
67
DPIV allows researchers to
Assess small scale physical movements and dispersals of insects
68
Flight mills
Insects are connected to a mill and allowed to fly under a tether in a circle Cannot make possible predictions on dispersal from there
69
Wind tunnel
Studies. how insects react to external stimuli Researchers expose the insect to a test stimulus and blow wind to allow for flight of the insect and see how they respond to the stimulus
70
Criteria that migration involves
Persistent movement Relatively straight movement No stopping of movement regardless of stimuli Pre and post migratory behaviours Physiological changes
71
Not migration
Foraging behaviour Phoresy Human displacement
72
Migratory syndrome
Predisposition to migrate when a negative stimuli is received from the environment
73
Pre-migratory responses
Insect populations having predisposition to allow for the organism to alter locomotory ability, resource allocation, reproduction, and survival probability
74
Oogenesis-Flight syndrome
Allocation for either migration or reproduction
75
Phases of migration
Initiation (prep for migration) Transmigration (migration) Termination (Migration ends)
76
Initiation is started by
outside stimuli such as day cycles and temperature
77
Diurnal (day time flyers) Migration
Fly close to the ground and use updrafts made from warm air rising from the ground to allow themselves to glide more Can also use polarized light to infer the location of the sun and the horizon to know where to fly
78
Polarized light detection is done by
Ommatidia that is adapted the compound specifically for this
79
Locusts
Pest migrators that are migratory grasshoppers that migrate because of overcrowding They move in swarms and destroy vegetation Continue to harm agriculture
80
Polypheniesm
A gene has two variations that can be activated (IE will the grasshopper stay or migrate depends on the cue)
81
Primary mode of locust management
Use insecticide but this is costly and can harm outside organisms
82
Locusts arrive
After dry seasons during rapid vegetation development It is important to keep track of when locusts appear before they do to prevent swarming
83
Monarch butterfly migration
Moves from southern Canada to Mexico due to temperatures
84
Migrating monarch butterflies
Suppress juvenile hormone in order to prevent reproduction
85
When arriving to overwintering sites monarch butterflies
Adults stay inactive for 4-5 months Cluster together for warmth
86
Monarch butterflies need what to survive the migration
Stored fat reserves
87
Before the the return migration Monarch butterflies
Egg production and overall activity increases
88
On the way back from South America monarch butterflies
Lay eggs in milkweeds and die shortly after
89
First generation of caterpillars migration for monarch butterflies
Will feed and then turn into butterflies before flying north and stopping to reproduce
90
Whole generation of monarch butterflies take
2-5 generations
91
Monarch butterflies are able to visit
The same sights as there ancestors when they migrated Can be because of genetic memory passed down Or sun location Or air currents Or magnetic field orientation Or chemical markers left by previous generations on plants Or Geological features
92
Monarch butterflies concerns
Migratory success is worse because of destruction of habitat Warrants conservation
93
Monarch butterflies importance
Important pollinators

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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