module 9 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
A
Sustainable and beneficial pest management system
2
Q
IPM uses
A
Fewer insecticides and pesticides than other methods
Uses non-chemical and chemical methods together
3
Q
IPM leads to
A
Less affected groundwater and air
Protects beneficial species
4
Q
IPM methods are reliant on
A
Inspection
Monitoring
surveillance
Good understanding of a pests ecological system
5
Q
Tactics being used with environmental,etnal sustainability in mind are referred to as
A
Four-tiered IPM Implementation Approach
6
Q
First step of Four-tiered IPM Implementation Approach
A
Evaluation and establishment of economic threshold for a target pest
7
Q
Eradication of pests is
A
Rarely the goal of a IPM only keeping them at a non-critical level
8
Q
Economic/action threshold
A
The point at which a grower needs to take action against a species
9
Q
Economic injury level
A
Level at which pests cause damage and growers lose money
10
Q
Economic/action threshold can be used to
A
Monitor pests
Measure crop damage
Correlate number of insects or damage with economic loss
11
Q
An action threshold can be as low as
A
1 individual
12
Q
Second step of IPM
A
Identification and monitoring
13
Q
IPM includes monitoring
A
Before after and during control measures
14
Q
Forms of monitoring
A
Identifying pest species and crop
15
Q
Thorough monitoring should be able to
A
Identify pests before they become harmful
16
Q
Easiest way to sample presence of insects
A
Manually viewing crop to see insect presence
Can be efficient because one to two samples can provide a manager to make a decision on control
17
Q
In situ sampling
A
Visual observation
Effective for insects that are not active flyers, easy to find, or cause obvious damage to plants
18
Q
Sweep netting
A
Manager uses a net to sample insects
19
Q
Knockdown method
A
A container is used to pick up insects and the plant is knocked in order for insects to fall down into the container
20
Q
Traps often use what kind of cues and why
A
Visual or chemical cues in order to reduce bycatch
Can also use light or heat
21
Q
Lure
A
Synthetic chemicals with pheromones to attract insects
22
Q
Funnel traps attract
A
Bark beetles and are long and segmented to mimic a tree trunk
23
Q
Yellow sticky traps attract
A
Aphids and white flies
24
Q
Bed bug traps use
A
Light and heat
25
Emerald Ash Borer bores into
Ash trees
26
Emerald ash borers are invasive in
North America
27
It is difficult to visually monitor emerald ash borers in ash trees because
It is difficult to find them until the tree is already dying
28
What helps predict patterns of spread of emerald ash borers
Pheromone traps as well as computer models
29
Third step of IPM
Prevention
30
Quarantine
Legal tool to prevent the spread of pests
31
Because pests are known to travel with certain materials
Those materials are banned from crossing certain borders
32
Before produce is allowed to be transported it must be
Approved to be allowed into the country that it is entering
Goods will be held in shipyards or airports until proven to be free of pests
33
Apple maggot fly leads to quarantine of produce in
Washington to prevent it from being a problem in all of Washington
34
Quarantine goods can be inspected
Visually or using tools
35
Goods found with pests are often
Destroyed
36
Preventative techniques against pests
Sealing areas from pests like using nets
Choosing crops that are resistant or unappealing to the pest
Manipulation of the environment to reduce attraction and establishment of the pest
37
Education and outreach is also an effective
Prevention plan
38
Fourth step of IPM
Control
39
Control methods are used when
Action thresholds have been breached and preventative strategies are no longer effective
40
All control methods must be measured by
Economics and efficiency
Risks to human health
Risks to environment
41
A pesticide is a
Chemical made to kill a pest
42
Insecticide
Chemicals used to kill insects
43
insecticide cost in a year in the US
56 billion
44
Criteria for what pesticide to use
Safety for users
Species specificity
Effectiveness
Persistence in the environment
Speed of action
Cost
45
Modes of application of insecticides
Stomach poisons
Contact poisons
Fumigants
46
Stomach poisons
Chemicals that impact insects through consumption
47
Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) works by
Creating open pores in the midgut of the insect, leading to starvation and death
48
Contact poisons
Enter insect through the body wall (are absorbed)
49
Fumigants
insecticides that are gaseous
Enter through spiracles that open into the tracheal system
50
Fumigants are effective because
They kill all life stages of insects
51
Fumigants are usually used in
Greenhouses and other contained areas because of the aerosol nature
52
types of chemical insecticides
Natural
Synthetic
Hormone analogues
53
Natural insecticides
Derived from natural things like plants
Toxins made by plants
54
Natural insecticides are not used in
Large scale efforts because extraction is costly
They breakdown easily and need to be reapplied often
55
Pyrethrum
Broad spectrum insecticide (kills large variety of insects)
56
Pyrethrum comes from
Chrysanthemum flowers
57
Pyrethrum contains
Pyrethrins
58
Pyrethrins
Low mammalian toxicity
Widely used to contain home and garden pests
59
Nicotine
Taken from tobacco plants
Water mixed with this is a natural insecticide
60
Why is nicotine no longer used
It is toxic to mammals
61
Natural insecticides are the template for
Synthetic ones
62
Synthetic insecticides are made by
Humans
63
DDT was first made in
WW2 to prevent typhus (spread by lice) and malaria (spread by mosquitoes )
64
Most synthetic insecticides are
Neurotoxins that either affect axons or synapses
65
Axonic poisons
affect the transmission of axon along the neuron
66
Chlorinated hydrocarbons is the first
Axonic poison
67
DDT is a
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
68
DDT was discontinued because
It had a negative impact on the environment and it was easily passed on with each trophic level through biomagnification
69
Pyrethroid
Synthetic chemicals that mimic pyrethrin
Highly toxic to insects by keeping sodium channels open, disrupting the flow of sodium and potassium
Effective at low doses and are not bad for the environment
Easy to manufacture and cheap
70
Organophosphates inhibit
AChE which breaks down the excitatory ACh
This leads to constant stimulation of Ash
This leads to constant movement and tremors, eventually leading to death
71
organophosphates are broken down by
UV light so they do not accumulate in the environment
72
Organophosphates are harmful
If they are inhaled or touched so they are not commercially used anymore
73
Organophosphates are still used to in cases that need a
Very effective insecticide
74
Neonicotinoids
Mimics nicotine
Mimics ACh but cannot be broken down by AChE
Used to prevent resistance to other types of insecticide
75
Neonicotinoids can be harmful to
Bees
Has been banned in some parts of the world
76
Muscle poisons
Attack muscle cells
77
Anthracillic diamides
Muscle poisons Used to help mitigate problem of insecticide resistance
78
Chlorantraniliprole
Muscle poison that stimulated calcium release of muscle cells, eventually depleting it
Leads to paralysis and death
Can be inhaled or enter by touch
Only harms insects which makes them for IPMs
79
Hormone analogues are often
Insect specific which makes them safe
80
Juvenile hormone analogues
Affects development of insects
Prevents the signal for moulting to occur which may prevent the insect from becoming a reproductively capable adult
81
Ecdysteroid moulting hormone analogues
Initiate moulting process
Cannot be cleared from the receptors
Prevents completion of moulting
Larvae and pupae die in the process
82
Methoxyfenozide
Ecdysteroid mimic that is effective against lepidopteran pests (caterpillars)
Interrupts moulting
Safe to integrate into IPMs because they bind to insect specific receptors
83
Hormone analogues also have predictable
Mortality which makes them effective
84
Non-target effects occur because many insecticides are
Broad spectrum (affect many insects)
85
Neurotoxins and broad spectrum insecticides can affect
Mammals and birds
86
Insecticide cause the most amount of
Pesticide poisoning
87
Guidelines to minimize environmental risk of insecticide
Nozzle size to maximize amount that lands on crop
specific dose
time of day to use insecticide
What part of the crop the insecticide is use on
88
Biobed
An area full of organisms great for breaking down pesticide
Is a closed system that does not allow water to move out
Resulting mix can be used as a fertilizer
89
Poor use of Insecticide can lead to
Resurgence
Replacement
Resistance
90
Resurgence
Rebound of a pest population to higher densities than before the insecticide was applied
91
Resurgence occurs mostly with
Broad spectrum insecticides that kill enemies of the pest
92
What pest feeds on rice plants
Brown planthopper
93
Brown planthopper resurgence of rice plants
Insecticide use kills predators of brown plant hoppers, the pest population then rebounded to a larger amount
94
Replacement
A broad spectrum insecticide kills off predators of a pest that is normally in check, turning them into a pest
95
Spider mite populations
Insecticide killed predators turning them into pests
96
Pest resistance
Reduction in sensitivity to a method of control
97
Resistance comes through
Natural selection
98
Anopheles mosquito
Malaria spreading mosquito gained resistance to insecticide
99
Behavioural resistance
When a pest modifies its behaviour to avoid a insecticide
Insects may move to less susceptible parts of the plant like under the leaf
100
Caterpillar behaviour resistance
Feeds slowly to allow insecticide to be detoxified
101
Metabolic resistance
When a poison is broken down before it reaches the target area by enzymes
Most common form of resistance
102
Metabolic resistance may gain this resistance by
Excreting toxin with waste
Shift harmful toxins to exocuticle to shed with next moult
103
Altered target site resistance
When a mutation of the target site makes the poison ineffective
104
Mosquito altered target site resistance
The mosquitoes developed altered target site resistance to JH
105
Penetration resistance
Adaptations which reduce the ability of a insecticide to penetrate the insect
Used in conjunction with other forms of resistance
106
Cross resistance
Development of resistance to one poison allows the insect to resist another
107
House fly cross resistance
Became resistant to DDT so then became resistant to other forms of synthetic insecticides
108
Biological qualities that promote evolution of resistance example
Insects that are concentrated in a small space have more pressure to evolve due to greater exposure
109
More offspring leads to
More opportunities to mutate a resistance
110
Short generation times are more
Beneficial to mutating a resistance
111
If the economic threshold is low
Managers will apply pesticide more often which leads to more opportunities for resistance
112
Applying a chemical before mating
Can promote resistance
Only resisted individuals survive and pass on resisted gene
113
Best way to prevent resistance is to implement
IPM
Not only using insecticide but other methods
114
Effective way to stop pest resistance
Provide a refuge for pest species where no insecticide is present
Surviving individuals of the pesticide area will mate with those that have not been exposed to pesticide
115
Cotton bollworm pest resistance method
Refuge pest method
