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ENT 101 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Insect nervous system is made of

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

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3
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives stimuli

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Receives action potential from dendrite

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5
Q

Axon

A

Moves signal to another neuron or tissue

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6
Q

Synapse

A

Neuron signals are passed through neurotransmitters

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7
Q

PNS

A

Receives info and sends to CNS

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8
Q

CNS

A

Where info is processed

Has brain and ventral nerve chord

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9
Q

Sensory receptors are found in places like

A

Antennae and compound eyes and feet

Part of PNS

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10
Q

Trichoid sensillum

A

PNS receptor that detects movement (mechanoreception)

Seta (hair structure) moves and generates action potential sent to CNS

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11
Q

Chemoreception

A

Sita is holes that allow chemicals in and these chemicals dissolve in the neuron and this is connected to CNS

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12
Q

Types of trichoid sensilla that detect chemoreception

A

Contact chemoreceptors (detect substances in fluids)

Olfactory chemoreceptors
(detect substances in the air)

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13
Q

Insect nerv chord is

A

Ventral

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14
Q

Ganglia

A

Located along the CNS and are connected to CNS by connectives

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15
Q

Derived insects ganglia amount vs ancestors is

A

Less because they are more fused

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16
Q

Insect brain

A

3 distinct pairs of ganglia with different functions

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17
Q

Largest part of brain

A

Receives inputs from PNS and other structures in the brain
Contain mushroom bodies

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18
Q

Mushroom bodies

A

Sort information

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19
Q

2nd part of brain

A

Receives input from antennae and transmit this info to higher processing sectors to influence behaviour

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20
Q

Third part of brain receives input from

A

Rest of body

Mostly foregut and labium

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21
Q

Subesophageal ganglion

A

Control mouthparts and is bridge between nervous system and the rest of the nervous system

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22
Q

Neurosecratory cells

A

Release insect hormones and neurohormones

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23
Q

Neurohormones

A

Promote further hormone production in endocrine

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24
Q

Ecdysteroid and juvenile hormones affect

A

Processes in the body that allow development like moulting

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25
Neurohormones stimulate the release of ecdysteroid hormones by
Prothoracic glands
26
Neurohormones are released by
Corpora Cardiaca
27
Juvenile hormone is released by
Corpora Allata
28
Axonic poisons
Affect axon signal movement Insects begin twitching and lose mobility
29
DDT
Colourless and odourless chemical used against insects Ended up being toxic and an environmental poison during WW2
30
Synaptic poisons
Forces and increase in synapses Results in tremors restlessness and eventually death
31
Internal fertilization protects
Gametes
32
Internal fertilization have led to the development of
Courtship behaviours
33
Communication of sexes is used through
Visual signals Auditory signals Pheromone signalling
34
Pheromone
Chemical signal that when received, changes the behaviour of target Used for communication
35
Singing in insects
Louder signalling is more preferred because it can represent fitness
36
Butterflies use
Visual cues
37
Fireflies use
Light communication
38
Males do courtship behaviours like
Dances
39
Rhino beetles
Have exaggerated horns to attract females
40
Male competition
Does not always end in a fight- sometimes the less fit one will back off
41
Aphrodisiacs
Makes the stimulate sexual receptivity
42
Multi-modal communication
Chemical and visual cues are both used Example is butterflies
43
Nuptial gift
Allows female to assess male fitness Also can distract female so male can transfer sperm Often provide nutrition to female
44
Spermatophylax
Gift from male given to female with both nutrients and sperm
45
Sexual cannabilism
Male gives female nutrients after mating
46
Males do courtship because
Females have more investment in offspring
47
Reproductive system is found in
Abdomen
48
Repro system is designed for
Sperm receive and storage and manipulation as well as eggs
49
Females have
Two ovaries Each has one or more ovarioles which is where the egg is made
50
Egg has
Yolk on inside and chorion on outside
51
Oogenesis
Egg production
52
Egg moves from ovary to
Genital chamber through oviduct
53
Spermatheca
Holds sperm and gland inside keeps sperm viable
54
Accessory gland
Makes glues that allows the egg to stick to surfaces during oviposition
55
Ovipositor
Where the egg travels through to be laid
56
Egg is layed
When egg is in early development Egg is protected and yolk is used for nutrients
57
Sperm production happens in paired
Testes
58
Sperm travels from testes to
Seminal vesicle through vas deferens
59
Sperm is sent into the female through the
Ejaculatory duct
60
Male accessory glands help
Protect and deliver sperm Can also help make nuptial gifts Can also make females less attracted to other males or not allow other males to enter repro tract
61
Traumatic insemination
Male penetrates a new hole into female and lays egg in blood
62
Sexual conflict
Males and females copulation has conflict
63
Water strider copulation
Male mounts female on the water and female has to support the male can be 4 minutes to 7 hours long
64
Redbacked water strider
Females have a blockage to males appendage
65
Male redback water strider response
Calls a predator and makes the female choose between death and an energy costly copulation
66
Most insects repro
Sexually
67
Oviparity
Females deposit eggs externally
68
Oviposition
Egg moving from body to outside environment
69
Females create
Large amount of offspring
70
Chorion
Prevents water loss
71
Male giant waterbug
Female lays eggs on the male forewings and male protects the eggs and make sure they get oxygen
72
Ovoviviparity
Keeping the eggs inside the body for protection Hatching can happen in the female
73
Viviparity
Live birth Embryo is developed in female but different from ovoviviparity because the egg does not get nutrients from yolk but the female itself Restricts the amount of young the female can have
74
Parthenogenesis
Asexual reproduction Example is aphids where the children are genetic copies of mothers
75
Aphid reproduction goes nonstop until
Conditions deteriorate due to cold Females then make males because genetic variation is more important than simply increasing numbers
76
Holocyclic
During different periods the female can reproduce sexually and asexually
77
Males in insects like bees and ants are
Unfertilized and haploids
78
Paedogenesis
Juveniles reproduce Can be sexual or asexual
79
Paedogenesis forms a
Complex life cycle Adults are only produced in certain conditions Repro is done by larvae
80
Polyembryony
One egg splits into many Done in parasitic insects Allows the female laying the eggs in the host to have little energy cost (also lowers predation) Embryos receive nutrients from host
81
Hermaphroditism
Both male and female sex characteristics are available but insect still mostly chooses sexual repro
82
Mating disruption
Exploits phéromone type mating Stops reproduction Meant for pest management Uses manmade pheromones to disrupt mate finding process
83
Mating disruption only works when pest population is
Low because if it is high then the male will find the female by chance anyways
84
Mating disruption is high cost and only used when
There is no other option or if the crops are high value
85
Gypsy moth
Very invasive species whose spread has been reduced due to mating disruption
86
Sterile insect technique (SIT)
Releases large amount of sterile individuals into pest population Uses a large amount of sterile individuals so a lot of resources are needed
87
Sterilization happens through
Ionizing radiation Genetic manipulation RNA manipulation.
88
For SIT to be effective
The amount of mating with sterile individuals must be greater than non-sterile mating. This means that sterile population management must be maintained
89
SIT is worth it due to its cost because it is
Effective and does not use chemicals

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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