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ENT 101 > Module 11 > Flashcards

Module 11 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Flying insects measured in Germany

A

The insects were measured over 26 years and the amount caught greatly decreased over the time of the study

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2
Q

Bumblebee populations have greatly

A

Decreased and it is an important pollinator

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3
Q

Ants and termites

A

Facilitate movement of organic and inorganic materials in and out of the ground

Enriches soil

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4
Q

Insect decomposers promote the

A

nutrient cycle

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5
Q

Disturbance of insect populations greatly affect

A

Predator populations

Study shows that bird population decreases with decreasing insect population

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6
Q

Spotted flycatcher bird

A

Population decreased by 90 percent because of insect population decrease

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7
Q

Insects can be used for

A

Biomonitoring

they can represent overall health of an ecosystem and respond quickly to environmental change

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8
Q

Biomonitoring

A

Monitoring ecosystem using indicator species

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9
Q

Butterflies can serve as

A

Indicator species because they are sensitive to changes and easily spotted

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10
Q

Biomonitoring may help us

A

Understand natural processes that affect ecosystems

Can also help use identify human impacts

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11
Q

Largest cause of insect loss

A

Habitat loss and fragmentation

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12
Q

Deforestation over the past 56 years is the size of

A

Russia

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13
Q

Grasslands have been lost to

A

Livestock production and overgrazing

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14
Q

Overgrazing makes

A

dessert like habitats

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15
Q

Aquatic ecosystem being affected by humans

A

Construction of canals and reservoirs influence groundwater saturation in a region

This affects soil characteristics that affects plants and therefore insects that need those plants

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16
Q

Dams often affects

A

Aquatic insects negatively

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17
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

The process by which continuous habitats are fragmented by human intervention

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18
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

Inbreeding happens so much that the health of the population is greatly impacted

Common when habitat fragmentation has occurred

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19
Q

Habitat fragmentation occurs mostly from

A

Agricultural devleopment and urbanization

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20
Q

Highly modified landscapes come from the need of

A

Agriculture

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21
Q

Agriculture leads to

A

local extinction of insects

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22
Q

agriculture Situation is more dire for insects that have

A

low dispersal abilities like small bodied insects

special habitat requirements like aquatic insects

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23
Q

Forest tent caterpillar

Fragmented forests

A

Parasitoid wasps that infect forest tent caterpillar will not enter fragmented forests, so the caterpillars become an outbreak when left unchecked and clear forests

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24
Q

Fragmentation can also occur from

A

Formation of survey or seismic lines

removing long strips of forests

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25
Urbanization
The process of which people go from rural areas to urban areas
26
As urbanization increases
Footprint of people increase and habitats are lost
27
Roads fragment
Natural habitats
28
Vehicle emissions and other human emissions
Affect insect habitat and wellbeing
29
Heat from urban environments leads to
Higher than normal temp in habitats Negatively affects insects because they are ectotherms and respond to heat
30
Diurnal insects (day insects) exposed to light at night by urbanization leads to them
Have their circadian rhythms interrupted Interrupted rest cycles which lead to altered reproductive cycles
31
Nocturnal insects can be fooled into
Movement towards an unnatural light source that moves them away from their habitat, exposing them to predators
32
Light pollution is a form of
habitat loss
33
Dung beetles use
light from the stars at night to know where to move their dung
34
When light pollution is present dung beetles
Move sporadically and ended up carrying dung back to source
35
Temp beyond the range of survival
Slows growth
36
Warmer temp promotes
Faster development towards sexual maturity
37
Temperature-size rule
Ectothermic animals that grow under warm conditions grow faster and reach sexual maturity faster but are smaller adults than this that grow under cooler environments
38
Body size of beetles in Canada have
Decreased due to temp
39
Effects of smaller body size
Potentially smaller eggs and smaller offspring less equipped to exploit their environment Leads to damage in the food web because smaller insects are lower in quality of food for predators
40
Climate change greatly affects parasitoids because they have
Poor dispersal Narrow habitats Have intimate interactions with their hosts
41
If parasitoid host interactions are disturbed
Biological control of pests can be disturbed
42
Ice bugs and climate change
Ice bugs have died due to increasing temp and degradation of habitats because of it
43
Tropical insect climate change effects
As the temperature increases, the upper threshold may be reached, leading to a decline in these species
44
Temperate insect climate change effects
Overall temp and insect density is lower with climate change, these insects may reach the optimal temp range and populations may increase This leads to increased metabolic activity which may lead to increase crop destruction
45
Insect predicted response to climate change
Insects will move towards the poles are to different habitats with a better temp range
46
For every 1 degree in temp change insect populations move
170m up in elevation or 150km poleward in latitude
47
Populations that have range shifts in response to climate change may be a problem because
If not enough insects reach the leading edge of a population expansion, there may be too few insects to locate and mate Populations may be isolated from each other leading to inbreeding depression
48
Short generation times allow insects to
adapt to climate change quickly
49
Winter moth
Remain active in falls and winter Eggs overwinter inside European oak Climate change has led to asynchrony between the host and the larvae emerging Winter moths combat this with either a different host or a delay in egg hatching
50
Invasive species
Organisms that have established populations in a new range
51
Invasive species outcompete native organisms by
Outcompeting to exploiting resources Lack of natural predators
52
Plants lack
Adaptations to deal with invasive species
53
People transport
Invasive species through global food trade and moving wood etc
54
A common invasive species is
Ants
55
Spotted lantern fly causes a lot of
Economic loss due to the large amount of plants it eats They have a high fecundity and can be transported by people
56
Spotted wing fruit fly
Female flies have ovipositors that place eggs in fruit and can easily spoil food no natural of these invasive specie
57
Hemlock woolly adelgid
Feeds on hemlock trees and causes them to die Reduces habitat quality of birds that need high canopies Lack of high canopy trees means that low canopy trees can be established and different bird species can emerge
58
Parasitoid fly as an invasive species
Brought in as a biological control with gypsy moth but ended up attacking other flies
59
Overexploitation by humans
People may collect or harvest insects for reasons like being kept as pets or medicine or food which may lead to them becoming invasive or endangered
60
Poor harvesting processes
Harvesting them as insects leading to a lack of adults
61
Overharvesting is not as much of a factor as
Other factors like deforestation
62
Steps of biodiversity conservation
Prioritization Inventory and monitoring Mangement
63
Prioritization
Picking and prioritizing what species to protect Allows us to determine what goals are needed to protect the species and to promote biodiversity overall
64
Irreplaceability
The conservation value of a specific target Can be used to determine priorities of action for the species
65
First application of irreplaceability
Emphasizes conservation efforts in geographical regions most likely to be severely impacted by climate and landscape changes More biodiversity is likely to be wiped out in these easily impacted areas
66
Emphasizing a conservation location may be imbalanced because
Temperate habitats like the USA or Canada have a lot more knowledge and research conducted than tropical areas
67
Irreplaceability is higher for
rare species with limited geographic region occupied
68
Because monarch butterflies migrate across all of North America they are great
Indicator species Recent studies have not been good for overwintering monarchs
69
High density of insect does not mean that they are
Endangered
70
Knowledge of a species location allowed conservation managers to
associate the species with environmental features
71
Inventory at risk populations
Detailed mapping and quantifications of a specie sin question
72
It is more difficult to quantify insects because they are
small
73
Monitoring
tracking insect response to factors and populations
74
Regular monitoring is often done by simple
biodiversity surveys ie. Trapping and counting insects
75
biodiversity surveys can be
time consuming
76
It is difficult to monitor insects because
They are measured as adults and do not have long adults stages so the opportunity to study them is small
77
Citizen science example
Butterfly counts done by butterfly watchers to help monitor populations
78
Mission monarch
Members of the public count monarch butterflies in milkweeds and report it to the website to help monitoring
79
Citizen science cons
Citizens may provide timing bias because they are more likely to view in the day time so no nocturnal species may be found data may be skewed by location accessibility Insect identification can be different and may be misidentified Insects may have polymorphism Sexual dimorphism Juvenile insects looking much different from adults
80
Polymorphism
Same species having multiple distinguishing morphs
81
Sexual dimorphism
Males and females looking different
82
Insect management requires not just insect conservation but
Habitat conservation
83
Parks and reserves
Areas of minimal interference that have high sustainability
84
Parks in urban areas
Lessens the impact of human interference
85
Conservation is more tailored towards
Species people love so not insects
86
most commonly conserved insects
Butterflies
87
an important tool to promote the conservation of insects is
public outreach like having a butterfly house
88
Flagship species
when a specific species is used in conservation efforts to evoke public effort
89
Umbrella effect
Helping one species in a habitat helps multiple
90

ENT 101 (12 decks)

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