module 10 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Biological control
A
Uses natural predators of pests for control
2
Q
Biological control uses
A
trophic interaction
3
Q
1st trophic levels
A
Autotrophs plants
4
Q
2nd order trophic level
A
1st order consumer
5
Q
3rd order trophic level
A
2nd order consumer
6
Q
3rd trophic order
A
Top predator that feeds on carnivores
7
Q
Biological control agents exmaples
A
Predators
Parasitoids
Pathogens
herbivores
8
Q
Parasitoids
A
Larval stage infects and kills arthropod hosts
Feed on internal organs of host
9
Q
Once larval stage is done, the free living parasitoid
A
Exits the host to mate and seek a new host
10
Q
Parasitoid organisms belong to the orders
A
Hymenoptera and diptera
11
Q
Which gender contributed to parasitoids
A
Ovipositing females
12
Q
Strepsipteran
A
Order of insects that are all parasitoids
13
Q
Parasitoids that develop within the host are known as
A
Endoparasitoids
14
Q
Parasitoids that develop on the host
A
Ectoparasitoids
15
Q
Parasitoids that develop while the host grows are known as
A
Koinobiont
16
Q
Idiobiont parasitoids
A
Feed on host and paralyze them
Exclusively ectoparasitoids
17
Q
Superparasitism
A
Individuals are attacked multiple times by individuals of the same species
18
Q
Superparasitism is mostly
A
Avoided because it promotes competition between parasites
19
Q
What do parasites use to identify and avoid hosts that are parasitized
A
Antannae or ovipositors that are specialized to do this
20
Q
Multiparasitism
A
When a host is parasitized by multiple parasites
Leads to interspecific competition and the only one species of parasite often emerges
21
Q
Multiparasitism is more
A
Likely than superparasitism
22
Q
Hyperparasitism
A
the larvae or pupae of a parasitoid serves as the host for another parasite
23
Q
Hyperparasitoid larvae feed on
A
Other parasites associated with the original host
Can get in the way of IPM
24
Q
Common defence mechanism for parasitism
A
Encapsulation
25
Encapsulation
Host hemocyte surround the parasite larva and cut off its access to oxygen and nutrition
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Parasitoid resistance to encapsulation
Turns the hemocyte capsule into a protective sheath for the parasite larva
27
Some parasitoids have mutualistic relationships with
Viruses
Help suppress host immune responses
28
Some parasitoids avoid the host immune system by placing larvae in
Certain areas that easily compromised such as the fat body or ganglia of the CNS
29
Parasitoids have co-evolved with the
Hosts they inhabit changes nervous system
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Ectoparasitoid wasps with spiders
Larvae make spiders spin a cocoon web for them
31
Bodyguard manipulation
Larvae that have pupated are protected by host after they have left the host body
32
Predators
free living organisms that feed o other animals
33
Most insect predators are
Generalists
34
Common arthropod predators used for biological control
Ladybird beetles
predatory mites
Lacewings
35
Ladybird beetles are used to manage
Aphids and mites
36
Lacewing are used to control
Aphids
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Predatory mites are used to control
Other mites
38
Predators are used when pest population is
low
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Vespid wasps
Most are predators and are used as control for herbivorous insects
40
Pathogens
Bacterial
Fungi
Microphages
41
Bacillus thuingiensis (bt)
Different strains affect different insects so it provides targeted control
42
Fungi attack insects through their
Intact cuticle
Grow on insect and produce toxins that impact the insect
43
Beauveria bassina
Spores of this fungus can be applied to whiteflies and aphid populations
44
fungal control has very little effect on
Other organisms and have mass use cases
45
Baculovirus
Pathogens that attack arthropods and have a wide range that attack certain insects
46
Baculovirus affects insects by
Being consumed by the insect and leading to them basically dissolving and releasing the virus onto surrounding surfaces where other insects come into contact
47
Baculovirus specific formulation to target
Gypsy moths to protect forests
48
Baculovirus breakdown in the environment
quickly
49
Baculovirus cost is
High because each type of virus must be made for a specific insect
50
Microbiome
A community of microorganisms that protect the organism host from disease
51
Effects of targeting the pest microbiome
Decreased growth rate
Diminished reproductive success
Reduction in the ability of the insect to transmit disease
52
Pest management targeting the pests microbiome
Introduce a new organism
Genetically modify microorganisms already present
target and eliminate microorganisms that essential to the insect
53
Biological control agents can be used in
weed management using herbivorous arthropods
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What are biological control agents for weeds
Plant pathogens or herbivores
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Weeds
Unwanted plants that grow in competition of crops
Can be harmful to plants or humans
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Yellow toadflax weeds are controlled by
Toadflax weevil
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Three most common biological control approaches
Classical
Augmentative
Conservation
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Classical biological control
Introduction of non-native biological control agents to deal with pests
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Classical biological control is used to
control but not eradicate
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Alfafa weevil is dealt with
Classical biological control
12 species of parasitoids were introduced to control the alfalfa weevil
61
Augmentative biological control
Active manipulation of populations of biological control agents
often means the release of a natural predator
62
Augmentative biological control methods
Inoculative
Inundative
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inoculative Augmentative biological control
Frequent well-timed release of control agents
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Inundative Augmentative biological control
All biological control agents are release at once
goal is to overwhelm the pests immediately
65
Inoculative example
Whiteflies
Wasp population is used to deal with whiteflies by laying their eggs in the fly
66
Inundative control example
use of BT
Application of BT is used to kill pest population in one go
Bacteria is killed off by sunlight but lasts in soil for a year
67
Beneficial traits in biological control agents
Pesticide and disease resistance
Temperature hardiness
Manipulate sex ratios
68
Conservation biological control
Specific variables in the environment are changed to promote natural enemies of pest in a ecosystem
69
Parasitoid wasp populations assisting with corn
conservation biological control
Forested areas surround corn crops and the wasps live in them and move into the corn later in the season to feed on pests
70
Natural habitats may be have resources or alternative hosts needed for
Parasitoids
71
Anagrus parasitoid wasp
Conservation biological control example
The wasps parasitize grape leafhoppers but the leafhoppers overwinter as adults so they cannot be parasitized in the winter
Alternative hosts are provided that overwinter as eggs for the wasps to parasitize and this allows them to survive and then deal with leafhoppers in the warmer climate
72
Banker plants
Non-crop plants that support that have non-pest herbivores that help support the natural predator of a pest in the system
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Banker plants allows managers to
Use a single species of natural enemy rather than a suite of enemies that compete or predate each other
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Conservation biological control is more
sustainable
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Biological control advantages
Cheaper both environmentally and economically
Less likely to affect other organisms
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Biological control being cheaper
Rearing and introducing a biological control may take a lot of resources, but if the population becomes established, then there will be no further need to follow up
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The most affordable form of biological control is
Conservation
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Biological control and chemical control can be
effective in IPMs
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Biological control requires
Thorough understanding of the species and environment
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Asian ladybird beetle
Introduced as biological control for aphids
Ended up competing with native ladybird beetles
Asian ladybird beetle is now the predominant ladybird beetle
81
The use of biological control agents with a limited host range means that
There might be more agents required to look after an area which can be costly
82
Diversity of plants in ecosystems can
Complicate use of biological controls
More diversity of plants means more types of pests means more methods of control means more money
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Time it takes for biological control is a
Lagging effect and may be a problem because they may not be able to help high value crops or deal with dangerous pests immediately
84
Biological control agents shelf life is
Short unlike chemical agents because they are living organisms
85
Chemical control is better as a
Short term fix
86
Cultural control/ecological management
Purposeful control of environment factors to reduce the number of pests
87
cultural control involves
Changing the environment or removing the environments for pests to survive
88
Tillage
Technique used in agriculture that mechanically disturbs soil
Can expose insects to the environment and disturb their homes
Soil dwelling insects become exposed
89
Temperature as a cultural control
temporarily changing the temp in order to make the environment inhospitable
used against bed bugs
90
Another cultural control method is the removal of
Pest access to resources
Also destroy alternate hosts
91
Crop rotation
Alternating what type of crop is planted in consecutive seasons
Mitigates the buildup of pests that specialize in one crop
92
Crop rotation is important to deal with the
Wester corn rootworm beetle
Larvae feed on roots of corn plants after winter
By alternating crops, the specialist larvae die
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Alternating crop planting times example
Aphids feed on young plants in the summer that were just planted
By planting these plants earlier, they will be mature in the summer and the aphids will be less likely to feed
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Trap cropping
Planting crops next to the main crops that are attractive to the pest
Divert pest infestation and the pests are controlled in the trap crops
Insecticides and lures are used when insects are trap cropped
95
Intercropping
Planting multiple crops in the same area
Makes field less attractive to pests and increases yield
96
When onions are planted next to carrots
It diverts flies
example of intercropping
97
Trap trees
Lure is placed on trap tree and then the tree is moved
kills pest
98
Insect netting
Protects crops and people
99
Host resistance to pests can be changed through
Selective breeding
Genetic engineering
100
Non-preference defence
Physical or chemical traits that prevent pests from finding or accepting the host plant
101
Antibiosis
Plant trait that interfere with an insects metabolism
102
tolerance
By increasing presence to pests, the crop becomes more tolerant
103
Compensatory growth example
Damaged corn plants by beetles grow longer roots when they grow back and have higher yield
104
No selection pressure is placed on pests as a result of
Host tolerance
The pests cannot development resistant to hosts that have tolerance
105
The effectiveness of tolerance depends on
Host and environmental conditions
106
Increasing host tolerance can be done by
Increasing fertilizer use or just selecting those with higher resistance
107
Selective breeding can take
Many generations
108
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Genetic engineering
Allows us to target genes using molecular processes
109
Transgenic organism
Genetically modified organisms that has increased pest defence and herbicide resistance
110
Ways desired genes can be transferred into a host
Injected into fertilized egg to allow it to integrate into cell
Use a bacterial vector to integrate DNA into target
111
Genetically modified animals are not
Feasible while plants are
112
BT crops
BT is put into plants and plants produce BT toxin
Can be deadly to insects and lead to them developing resistance to BT crops
113
BT resistance can be combated by planting
Refugia next to plant that is being protected
114
RNA interference crop (RNAi)
RNA molecules that bind to mRNA during protein synthesis and prevents the reading of mRNA to turn it into codons
115
RNA interference crop (RNAi) is known as
Post-transcriptional gene silencing because the genes have already been transcribed into mRNA
116
RNAi inhibits the synthesis of
Enzymes used to fight plant toxins
117
Sterile individual introduction
Pests mate with sterile individuals and it leads to no offspring, negatively affecting the population
