Module 8 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
etiological agents
A
Organisms that directly cause diseases in other organisms
Direct impact
2
Q
Disease vectors
A
Organisms that transmit other disease causing bacteria from one host to another
3
Q
How can an insect cause irritation to an animal like a horse
A
By flying too close to the eyes mouth or nose
4
Q
Presence of bugs and mosquitos can cause
A
Irritation and harm to animals such as a lack of eating and self injury
5
Q
Bed bugs
A
Bite humans at night when sleeping
6
Q
Extermination of bed bugs is
A
Very difficult because it is difficult to reach them with insecticides and they have great numbers
7
Q
How can insects contaminate food
A
Leaving behind body fragments
Transfer of pathogen onto food
8
Q
Example of insect that transfers pathogens onto food
A
Cockroaches
9
Q
Arthropods that inject venom as a defence mechanism
A
Many Hymenoptera
Some Hemiptera
Spiders
Scorpions
10
Q
Caterpillar setae can cause
A
Irritation and harm to humans
11
Q
Exsanguination
A
Blood loss
12
Q
Ticks infest
A
Moose and cause exsanguination
13
Q
Tick infestations of moose can lead to how much blood loss
A
20L for one moose
Average moose has 32L of blood
14
Q
Maggots cause harm by
A
Invading host tissue
15
Q
Maggots either infest
A
Subcutaneous tissue or organs
16
Q
Two types of human psychological disorders associate with insects
A
Phobias
Delusional parasitosis
17
Q
Entomophobia and Arachnophobia
A
Fear of insects and spiders
18
Q
People with Entomophobia and Arachnophobia may apply
A
Insecticides which leads to health issues
19
Q
Delusional parasitosis
A
Individuals are convinced they are inhabited by parasites. The emotional distress significantly decreases quality of life
20
Q
Transmission cycle
A
Process of diseases being transmitted to a host by a vector
21
Q
Transmission cycle or an arthropod to a host consists of 3 cycles
A
A vertebrate host is infected
An arthropod vector picks up the infection from the vertebrate
The arthropod passes it on to another vertebrate host
22
Q
Disease causing organism only reproduces in
A
The definitive host
23
Q
Intermediate host
A
A host where the parasite may produce asexually rather than sexually
24
Q
Humans are considered
A
Definitive hosts for parasitic worms
25
Mosquitos are considered
Intermediate hosts for parasitic worms
26
Disease vectors find suitable hosts by cues such as
Body heat
CO2
Color
Shape
Odour
27
Vectors have well developed
Sensory organs to respond to host cues
28
Two basic mechanisms of disease transmission
Mechanical transmission
Biological transmission
29
Mechanical transmission
Occurs through direct contact between the vector and the disease causing host
The disease does not undergo development during this
30
Common avenues of mechanical transmission
Infected mouthparts or regurgitation during feeding
31
Because during mechanical transmission no development occurs, this means
The number of infectious units declines over time
32
House flies vector diseases through
Mechanical transmission
Infects hosts food
33
Biological transmission
Diseases causing organisms go through development on the vector
34
Biological transmission leads to an increase in
Infection rate with time due to development
35
Malaria is an example of
Biological transmission
36
Biological transmission vectors often have
Adapted mouthparts to access blood of hosts
37
Chagas disease is transmitted through
Excretion
Feces contaminated with feeding kissing bugs are accidentally scratched into an open wound
38
Biological transmission can be categorized into either
Horizontal transmission or vertical transmission
39
Horizontal transmission
Disease causing organisms moving between vectors and organisms or just between vectors
40
Vertical transmission
Occurs when disease causing organisms are passed between generations
Passed form adult female to her offspring
Transmitted through infected ovarian tissues into the embryo
Disease is maintained through development
41
Vector competence
Vectors ability to maintain and transmit disease
42
Barriers to vector competence
Maintenance of the disease causing organism will be compromised if it is attacked by the vector's immune system
43
Global trade and travel has led to the movement
of insects and disease vectors
44
Vectors in new ranges can become
Invasive by the diseases they carry
45
asian longhorned tick
Moved from Asia to Australia and has expanded and vectors several human and animal diseases
Has recently been found in East USA
46
Diseases are greatly carried by
Ticks
47
Human activities like deforestation can cause
Significant change in disease transmission dynamics
48
Human factors that affect vector born disease spread
Human nature involvement
Human movement and package movement
Climate change
49
Morbidity
being sick
50
Mortality
Death
51
WHO says that vector born diseases make up
17 percent of all diseases
52
Medical entomology
Field of study that focuses on arthropods and insects that affect human health
53
Epidemiology
The branch of science that deals with the incidence, distribution and control of diseases and other factors that affect populations
54
Medical entomologists study
Study biological and environmental variables that affect insect vectors and spread of disease
55
Until world war 2 more soldiers died from what than actual war
Disease
56
Human Body Louse causes
Prediculus humanus
Epidemic Typhus
57
Human Body Louse is a
An intracellular parasite that destroys the cells that line blood vessels
58
Epidemic Typhus patients suffer from
Rashes and muscle aches. If left untreated, patients have low blood pressure and slip into a coma and die
59
Epidemic Typhus greatly affected which historical events
Napoleon's army was greatly affected and led to his loss
Russian Civil War
World War 1
60
The bacteria that causes epidemic typhus is classified as a
Bioterrorism agent
61
The plague is caused by the bactera
Yersinia pestis
62
Yersinim pestis is bacteria that comes from
Fleas
63
Most common flea culprit of the plague
Oriental Rat Flea
Human Fleas
64
Symptoms once infected by Yersinia pestis
The lymph nodes swell and if they break open, the bacteria spreads into the bloodstream and lungs
65
Epidemics occur
When a disease spreads across a large region
66
1st Plague Outbreak is known as the
Justinian Plague
67
Justinian Plague occurred in the
6th century and killed 15-40% of human populations in the Middle East and Europe
68
2nd Plague outbreak is known as
The Black Death
69
Black death occurred in
Europe and killed 10-40percent of population in area
70
3rd plague outbreak occurred in
China and India in the late 19th and 20th century
71
Most human plagues modern day occur in
Africa
72
Arthropod born diseases are most common in
Developing tropical regions of the world where conditions are best for insect vectors
73
Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis
Round worms are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause tissue swelling and thickened skin
74
Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis leads to
High morbidity and disfiguration
75
Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis occurs mostly in
Tropical regions
76
Lymphatic Filarial or Elephantiasis treatment methods
Preventative chemo and deworming drugs
77
Malaria is transmitted by
Mosquitoes
78
Malaria causes
Sever anemia and multiple organ failure and death
79
Who is most at risk of malaria
children followed by pregnant women and hiv patients
80
Malaria happens mostly in
Tropical and sub-tropical regions
Mostly in Africa and south-east Asia
81
Primary method of preventing malaria
Bed nets as well as insecticide
82
Zika virus had a n outbreak in
Brazil in 2015
83
Zika virus was most likely transmitted by
Travelers
84
Zika has an association with
Microcephaly (deforms infants)
85
Zika is transmitted by
Aedes mosquitos
86
Zika is found in
Tropical environments
87
Zika symptoms
Fever, headache, muscle and joint soreness and rashes
Symptoms are mild
88
Zika complications happen when
It is passed on through pregnancy, can lead to brain abnormalities in the fetus
89
Concerns that zika can be transmitted
Sexually
90
Zika used to not be a problem until
Human movement has led to the vector being more spread and common
91
Lyme disease comes from
Ticks
92
Lyme disease happens mostly
in the northern hemisphere
93
Lyme disease symptoms
Vary among individuals
94
Lyme disease can lead to
Chronic neurological and heart issues
95
Veterinary entomology
How insects affect domestic animals
96
Feeding by mites can cause
Inflammation of the skin and itching and irritation which can further lead to crusting and hair loss
97
Mange
Caused by mites and spreads by contact
98
Livestock affected by mange must be
Quarantined
99
Mange can be passed to
Humans depending on the species of mite
100
Some biting arthropods can transfer
Disease causing organisms
101
Dog heartworm
Transmitted by infected mosquitoes
Worm feeds on dog and grows larger inside dog
102
Dog heart worm can cause
Blockage of circulatory system
Exhaustion
Abnormal lungs
Death
103
Recurring infection of dog heart worm is
possible
104
Dog heart worms can not cause issues to
Humans
105
Bluetongue is caused by
RNA viruses which come from biting midges
106
Bluetongue affects
Cattle deer buffalo goats etc.
Most severely affects sheep
107
Bluetongue causes
Lesions
Internal hemorraging
Fluid buildup in lungs
Death
Disrupted wool growth
Underweight/deformed young
Stillbirths and miscarriages
Weight loss
108
Nagana virus is passed on by
Tsetse flies
109
Nagana infects
Red blood cells and causes fever weakness and lethargy
110
Nagana leads to
Weight loss
111
Nagana has led to the lack of agriculture in
Africa
112
What arthropod types cause disease to plants
Aphids
Planthoppers
Leafhoppers
Bark beetles
113
Types of transmission for plant viruses
Non-persistent
Semi-persistant
Persistent
114
Non persistent transmission
Virus only remains on mouthparts and is passed on while feeding
Unique to aphids
Does not require incubation to become viral so can be passed on immediately after taking the virus
115
Semi-persistent transmission
Virus moves into foregut of vector and does not move into tissue
Can be transmitted in a short timespan
116
Persistent transmission
Require a persistent feeding period and the disease must be incubated and remain in the vector for a long time
Disease circulates in the tissues
Some can be passed from mothers to offspring
Happens in leafhoppers
117
Potato leafroll virus vector
Green peach aphid
118
Potato leafroll virus
Can cause curling of the lead
Can stunt growth and cause necrosis if it reaches roots
119
Fireblight affects
Pear and apple tissues
120
Fireblight causes
A scorched appearance of dead leaves and infected fruit
Infected fruit wither and darken
121
Insects as vectors for fireblights
Can be caused be feeding, wood boaring and pollination
122
Dutch elm disease caused by
Elm bark beetles
123
Dutch elm disease causes
Blocking of nutrient uptake of tree
Disfiguration and loss of leaves of the tree then occur
124
Dutch elm tree development may take
Years but death of the tree can happen after months
125
Dutch elm disease is moving
westward
126
Alberta has the highest population of
Dutch elm disease free elm trees
127
Preventative measures of dutch elm disease
Burning of trees and use of fungicide
