Module 5

Question 1

Carbon Nitrogen and Phosphorous

Answer 1

Nutrients that are cycled between plants and other organisms

Molecules are absorbed by producers and uptake is done by consumers

Question 2

Decomposers

Answer 2

Break down molecules into simpler compounds and return them to the atmosphere soil or water

Important to replenish what is used by primary producers

Question 3

Detritivore

Answer 3

Internally breakdown dead organic waste

Physically shred waste

In warmer environments they breakdown more things because they are more active

Insects and arthropods are detritivores

Question 4

When detritivores feed on the same type of waste they can be grouped into

Answer 4

Feeding guilds

Question 5

Cellulose

Answer 5

A large sugar molecule and the most abundant carbohydrate

Insects use cellulose by consuming wood

Question 6

Name for insects that use cellulose

Answer 6

Xylophages

most feed on dead wood but can cause damage to man made structures

Question 7

How do xylophages break down cellulose

Answer 7

Symbiotic relationships with gut microbes to break it down or making cellulose breaking down enzymes themselves

Question 8

Cellulose is broken down into

Answer 8

short chain fatty acid by termite gut microbes

Question 9

Symbiotes of termites used to break down cellulose are held in the

Answer 9

Hindgut and are lost when the insect moults

Question 10

Trophallaxis

Answer 10

Transferring microbes between each other either through mouth to mouth feeding or hind gut secretion

Question 11

Coprophages

Answer 11

Consuming dung and moves these nutrients back into the soil

Question 12

Coprophages adaptations

Answer 12

Finding dung and laying eggs

Juveniles can feed on dung to grow

Question 13

Dung beetle dung use

Answer 13

Roll dung to females to allow for egg laying on top and to basically call dibs on a pile of dung or use it as a sexual display

Question 14

Dwellers

Answer 14

Adults dig into dung and lay eggs inside

Question 15

Rollers

Answer 15

Like dung beetles roll the dung and lay eggs

Question 16

Tunnellers

Answer 16

Adults rip apart dung and burry it for future generations

Question 17

Larval dung beetles

Answer 17

Has special organs used to breakdown plant material like a cow

Take a long time to develop because diet is not nutritious

Question 18

Necrophages

Answer 18

Feed on dead organisms

These organisms are very sensitive to dead matter

Question 19

Carrion beetle adaptations

Answer 19

Release secretions on dead organism, basically marking it and preventing other organisms from eating it

This allows their larvae to eat it instead

Question 20

Stadium

Answer 20

Amount of time between successive moults

Question 21

Degree days

Answer 21

The degrees over a temperature threshold that accumulate over a day

Has a lower and upper threshold, falling between the two allows for development

Question 22

Instar

Answer 22

Stage of development

Question 23

Voltinism

Answer 23

Number of generations per year

Warmer temps allow for faster development

Question 24

Bivoltine

Answer 24

Make 2 generations per year

Question 25

Multivoltine

Answer 25

Make more than 2 generations per year

Question 26

Forensic entomology

Answer 26

Using insects in the field of criminology

Question 27

Medicolegal Forensive Entomology

Answer 27

Insects are used to for cuts or other things in identifying homicides

Question 28

Role of forensic entomologists

Answer 28

Finding timings of certain things in forensics by looking at life cycles of insects in dead bodies Can also tell if body is moved by the type of insects Can also tell if someone is poisoned

Question 29

What affects insect development most

Answer 29

Temperature

Question 30

Insects can also indicate

Answer 30

The type of changes a dead body has undergone

Question 31

Postmortem interval

Answer 31

Telling the time of death by determining when arthropods enter a corpse

Question 32

Forensic entomologists use

Answer 32

Degree days to find the stage of insect development and time of death of the corpse

Question 33

Degree day models are used

Answer 33

When bodies are still fresh

Question 34

Step 1

Answer 34

Collect maggots or other first colonizers

Question 35

Step 2

Answer 35

Identify species to find developmental time of organism to find when the body died

Question 36

Step 3

Answer 36

Estimate developmental stage

Question 37

Step 4

Answer 37

Obtain climate data where the body was found

Question 38

Step 5

Answer 38

Calculate Degree-days to find Post-Mortum-Interval

Question 39

Step 6

Answer 39

Estimate when eggs were deposited on corpse

Question 40

Insect succession

Answer 40

Change in species composition in relation to the stage of a corpse

Question 41

3 main groups of arthropods that colonize a corpse

Answer 41

Necrophages Predators Incidental organisms

Question 42

Time of insect arrival is dependent on

Answer 42

What type of food is available (IE tissue or bones)

Question 43

Predators

Answer 43

Feed on necrophages and the corpse

Question 44

Incidental organisms

Answer 44

Use things on the corpse or near it for habitat and shelter

Question 45

The first stage of decomposition

Answer 45

Fresh compounds are released from the corpse that attract necrophages Maybe some flies that deposit eggs on the corpse These maggots feed on the dead tissue

Question 46

The second stage of decomposition

Answer 46

Putrefaction Initial species are joined by other species of flies and beetles as well

Question 47

The third stage of decomposition

Answer 47

Black putrefaction Maggots that have developed exit to pupate in the soil nearby Adult flies leave as corpse is unsuitable for maggot development Beetles dominate

Question 48

The fourth stage of decomposition

Answer 48

Butyric fermentation Butyric acid is produced and there is little flesh at all No more flies only beetles and some mites

Question 49

The fifth stage of decomposition

Answer 49

Dry decay little remains of the corpse other than bones and some dry skin Most beetles leave and incidental organisms arrive

Question 50

If insects are drawn away from the mouth

Answer 50

It is the sign of a wound that they are drawn to

Question 51

Insects can also tell if the body has

Answer 51

Drugs by bioaccumulation of maggots

Question 52

Bodies that are frozen or buried

Answer 52

Are difficult for necrophages to reach

Question 53

Forensic entomology can only be used

Answer 53

In warm temps