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developmental psych > module 11: risk factors > Flashcards

module 11: risk factors Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of children experience abuse, neglect, or physical punishment globally?

A

Over 400 million children experience abuse, neglect, or physical punishment globally.

This statistic is based on the latest UNICEF information from 2024.

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2
Q

How many children are punished by physical means worldwide?

A

Approximately 330 million children are punished by physical means worldwide.

This statistic is based on the latest UNICEF information from 2024.

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3
Q

What proportion of women has experienced child abuse or witnessed parental violence?

A

One in every four women has experienced child abuse or witnessed parental violence.

This includes abuse they may have experienced as a child and violence towards a parent.

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4
Q

What types of violence are included in parental violence?

A

Intimate partner violence, family violence, domestic violence.

These forms of violence may involve witnessing or experiencing abuse within the family context.

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5
Q

What type of abuse are women more likely to experience?

A

Women are more likely to have experienced sexual abuse than physical abuse.

About 14% of women may have witnessed violence towards their mother or partner.

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6
Q

What is the discrepancy in violence experienced by mothers compared to fathers?

A

Mothers experience greater violence compared to fathers.

This indicates a gender disparity in the experience of domestic violence.

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7
Q

Can women also be abusive?

A

Yes, women can certainly be abusive as well.

This highlights that abuse is not limited to one gender.

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8
Q

What proportion of men have experienced childhood abuse or witnessed parental violence?

A

One in six men have experienced childhood abuse or witnessed parental violence.

This statistic reflects the prevalence of abuse among men.

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9
Q

How many men may have experienced childhood abuse?

A

Around 1 million men may have experienced childhood abuse.

This is consistent with the number of men who may have witnessed violence towards a partner by a parent.

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10
Q

What type of abuse do men typically experience more than women?

A

Men typically experience greater physical abuse than sexual abuse.

This suggests a different pattern of abuse experiences between genders.

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11
Q

Who do men witness violence against more often, their mothers or fathers?

A

Men witness violence against their mothers to a greater extent as compared to their fathers.

This aligns with the experiences reported by women regarding their own observations.

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12
Q

True or False: Abuse is only a gender issue.

A

False

Abuse affects both males and females, indicating it is not strictly a gender issue.

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13
Q

What is child abuse?

A

Intentional, physical or emotional injury inflicted on a child by caregivers or any responsible person

Child abuse can lead to mental distress, permanent disfigurement, or even death.

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14
Q

What age group is considered a child or young person in the context of abuse?

A

Under the age of 18 years

This definition includes all individuals below 18.

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15
Q

What types of behaviors are classified as child abuse and neglect?

A

Behaviors that result in actual or likelihood of harm to a child, including both intentional and unintentional actions

Examples include forgetfulness or omissions like not providing food.

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16
Q

List the types of abuse mentioned.

A
  • Physical abuse
  • Emotional abuse
  • Sexual abuse
  • Domestic violence
  • Neglect
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17
Q

What are physical indicators of child abuse?

A

External marks such as unexplained bruises, bite marks, unexplained burns, and fractures

These can indicate physical abuse or neglect.

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18
Q

How can one determine if a child has been abused?

A

By observing children’s behaviors and their physical appearance

Indicators may include unexplained injuries or changes in behavior.

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19
Q

True or False: Neglect is a form of abuse.

A

True

Neglect involves omissions like failing to provide necessary care.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Child abuse can result in _______.

A

[mental distress, permanent disfigurement, death]

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21
Q

What does the term ‘commission’ refer to in the context of child abuse?

A

Acts of abuse that are actively inflicted on a child

This contrasts with ‘omission’, which refers to neglect.

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22
Q

What constitutes emotional abuse?

A

Actions that cause psychological harm to a child

Emotional abuse can include verbal abuse, rejection, and isolation.

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23
Q

What are immersion burns?

A

Burns resulting from being submerged in hot liquid

These injuries are often associated with abusive situations.

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24
Q

What is sexual abuse?

A

A form of abuse where a minor is used for sexual gratification by an adult or adolescent

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25
Who are typically the perpetrators of sexual abuse?
Someone known to the child
26
What are indicators of sexual abuse in children?
* Increased interest in sexual acts * Seductive behaviors * Refusal to undress in front of others * Extra aggression * Extreme compliance * Hyper vigilance * Hyper arousal
27
Fill in the blank: Hyper vigilance in children can manifest as fearing a particular person and wanting to _______.
hide away
28
What is emotional abuse?
A form of maltreatment that involves a pattern of negative interaction with the child
29
What are some behaviors associated with emotional abuse?
* Rejecting the child * Ignoring the child * Isolating the child * Frightening the child * Corrupting the child
30
What does corrupting a child involve?
Getting the child to do immoral things, such as stealing or lying
31
What is verbal abuse?
A common form of emotional abuse that includes calling the child names and blaming them for everything
32
True or False: Emotional abuse is typically a single incident.
False
33
Fill in the blank: Patterns of emotional abuse can lead to the child feeling _______.
worthless
34
What is a common phrase used in verbal abuse towards children?
'You're worthless' or 'You're good for nothing'
35
What is a risk factor for children related to parents' self-esteem?
Low self-esteem in parents ## Footnote Parents with low self-esteem may struggle with emotional control and affect management, impacting their children's well-being.
36
How can parents' mental health issues affect their children?
They can pose a risk to their children ## Footnote Mental health issues in parents can lead to negative outcomes for child development and safety.
37
What role do criminal activities play in parenting risks?
Parents involved in criminal activities are a risk to children ## Footnote Activities such as corruption and coercion can create unsafe environments for children.
38
What socio-economic factor is mentioned as a risk?
Socio-economic background ## Footnote A family's socio-economic status can influence children's access to resources and support.
39
What family relationship issues are considered risk factors?
Family breakdown and family violence ## Footnote These issues can lead to isolation and lack of community support for children.
40
What is a consequence of lack of social support for families?
Increased risk for children ## Footnote Without support from extended family or community, children may face neglect or abuse.
41
What societal factors contribute to children's mental health risks?
Gender and social inequities ## Footnote Inequalities in society can affect access to resources and support for families.
42
What community issues can increase risks for children?
Easy availability of drugs and alcohol ## Footnote These substances can create unsafe environments and impact parenting.
43
What is the impact of ineffective policies on child mental health?
They do not support identifying or preventing issues ## Footnote Policies that fail to address child mental health can lead to increased rates of maltreatment.
44
Fill in the blank: Lack of _______ can be a risk factor for children.
education ## Footnote A lack of education can hinder parents' ability to provide for their children's needs.
45
How does domestic violence affect a mother's health?
It impacts her health and well-being, affecting her ability to care for herself ## Footnote This can lead to further negative effects on her fetus.
46
What is a potential consequence of domestic violence on infants?
Infants may be used as shields during incidents, leading to potential harm ## Footnote Parents may bring children forward while being victimized.
47
What emotional response can infants develop due to exposure to domestic violence?
Irritability due to sleep disturbances ## Footnote Infants may wake up from loud noises during violent incidents.
48
Fill in the blank: Domestic violence can lead to _______ in infants.
irritability
49
What can cause sleep disturbances in children during incidents of domestic violence?
Loud noises from the violent situation ## Footnote Parents not being in a happy situation can contribute to these disturbances.
50
True or False: Infants are often unaffected by domestic violence incidents.
False ## Footnote Infants can be harmed and develop issues like irritability.
51
How can domestic violence affect the fetus?
The mother's impaired health can impact the fetus ## Footnote A mother's inability to care for herself can have broader implications.
52
What can happen to a child during incidents of domestic violence?
The child may be used as a shield and could get physically hurt. ## Footnote This can lead to significant impacts on the child's well-being.
53
How can sleep disturbances in children manifest due to domestic violence?
They can produce a startle kind of effect or a startled response, affecting sleep and waking patterns. ## Footnote Sleep disturbances can have long-term effects on a child's mental health.
54
What behavioral changes may occur as a child grows older in relation to domestic violence exposure?
Higher levels of aggression and hostility can be seen. ## Footnote Children may also exhibit poor academic performance and difficulties in school.
55
What might children feel towards school if they are exposed to domestic violence?
They may fear school and struggle to cope there. ## Footnote This fear can lead to difficulties in attention and focus during school.
56
What are some indicators of poor academic performance in children exposed to domestic violence?
* Lack of attention * Difficulty sitting still * Fear of school ## Footnote These indicators are often linked to the child's home environment.
57
What is hyper-vigilance in the context of children exposed to domestic violence?
It is a state where the child is constantly alert and reminded of past traumatic experiences. ## Footnote Hyper-vigilance can severely impact a child's ability to focus and learn.
58
Fill in the blank: A child's exposure to loud noises and screaming at home can lead to _______.
startle effect
59
What is a common emotional response observed in adolescent girls during the stage of development affected by domestic violence?
A cocoon within themselves ## Footnote This refers to the withdrawal or isolation that may occur as a result of depression.
60
What risk-taking behaviors may adolescents engage in?
* Drugs * Alcohol * Coming back late * Drink driving ## Footnote These behaviors are commonly observed during adolescence and can be influenced by various factors including domestic violence.
61
How does domestic violence impact children in a family?
It affects other members, including children ## Footnote Children exposed to domestic violence may experience various negative outcomes, including physical abuse.
62
What may happen to children who try to intervene in domestic violence situations?
They may also have been physically abused ## Footnote This highlights the risk children face when trying to protect a parent from violence.
63
What is observed in toddlers who have previously overcome bed-wetting when exposed to domestic violence?
Increased or resurgence of bed-wetting ## Footnote This can be a symptom of stress or trauma related to their environment.
64
How does exposure to violence affect a child's cognitive, social, and emotional development?
It impacts development depending on the child's age and stage ## Footnote The effects can vary significantly based on developmental milestones.
65
What is the general trend observed in the intensity of violence over time?
The intensity can become bigger and bigger ## Footnote This suggests a continuum of violence where initial incidents may be less severe but escalate over time.
66
What developmental delay may children experience due to exposure to domestic violence?
Delays in language development ## Footnote This can affect their ability to communicate and interact socially.
67
True or False: Domestic violence only affects the individuals directly involved.
False ## Footnote Domestic violence has broader impacts on family members, especially children.
68
Fill in the blank: The likelihood of a child running away from school increases during _______.
[adolescence]
69
What is child physical abuse commonly associated with?
Child physical abuse is commonly seen in situations where a parent is under the influence of alcohol.
70
What types of abuse can occur when a parent consumes a lot of alcohol?
Physical abuse and emotional abuse towards partners and children can occur.
71
How does parental alcohol use impact children?
It impacts all areas of development: cognitive, behavioral, social, emotional.
72
What is child neglect?
Child neglect is the abandonment of a child where their physical, mental, and emotional needs are at risk.
73
What causes child neglect?
Child neglect is caused by the caregiver or parent's failure to provide for the child's basic needs.
74
List the basic needs that, if not met, can lead to child neglect.
* Physical * Social * Emotional * Educational
75
What is the term used to describe when a child takes on parental responsibilities?
Parentification ## Footnote Parentification occurs when a child steps up to cope with family responsibilities, often in a way that is inappropriate for their age.
76
At what age do children typically begin to exhibit parentified behavior?
Typically in their teenage years ## Footnote While younger children (like four or five years old) do not usually engage in parentification, teenagers may start looking after their parents.
77
What types of tasks might a parentified child take on?
Tasks such as: * Feeding * Looking after parents * Fending for food * Going shopping ## Footnote These responsibilities can vary widely depending on the family's needs.
78
True or False: A four-year-old is likely to take on parental responsibilities.
False ## Footnote Parentification typically occurs in older children, particularly during their teenage years.
79
Fill in the blank: A child who takes care of their parents and manages household tasks is said to be _______.
Parentified ## Footnote This term captures the reversal of roles where the child assumes adult responsibilities.
80
What is child rearing associated with?
Certain rituals ## Footnote These rituals can be religious, personal, or obsessive behaviors from the parents.
81
What are examples of rituals that may affect child rearing?
* Washing of hands * Cleanliness * Doing things in a certain manner * Dressing up in a certain way ## Footnote These rituals can interfere with child rearing practices.
82
True or False: Rituals in child rearing can have an impact on the child.
True ## Footnote The impact can be both positive or negative depending on the nature of the rituals.
83
Fill in the blank: Child rearing rituals can be _______.
[religious, personal, obsessive] ## Footnote These types of rituals can shape the child's upbringing.

developmental psych (13 decks)

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