module 4: cognitive development 1 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What is the visual acuity of newborn infants compared to adults?
A
About 40 times worse than that of an adult
Newborns are very short-sighted with a limited range of focus.
2
Q
At what age can newborn infants typically discriminate between colors?
A
Around three months of age
Infants can see color but struggle to differentiate until this age.
3
Q
What ability do newborn infants have regarding moving objects?
A
They can track a moving object, but the tracking is stilted
Tracking improves over the first six months of life.
4
Q
When do infants typically reach 20/20 vision?
A
Around age two
20/20 vision is considered the standard typical eyesight for adults.
5
Q
What visual test is referenced to illustrate the development of infants’ visual acuity?
A
Snellen chart
Commonly used in eye tests for measuring visual acuity.
6
Q
How does the tracking ability of infants improve over time?
A
It improves over the first six months of life
Initially, tracking is quite stilted and not smooth.
7
Q
Fill in the blank: Newborns have a limited range of focus and their face looks very _______.
A
blurry
8
Q
True or False: Infants can see colors immediately after birth.
A
True
However, they cannot discriminate between them until about three months.
9
Q
What is the visual acuity of infants at birth compared to adults?
A
40 times worse
This significant difference highlights the developmental aspect of vision.
10
Q
What visual acuity do adults with normal vision have that is represented on the Snellen chart?
A
20/20 vision
This is the standard for typically sighted adults.
11
Q
A
12
Q
What is depth perception?
A
The ability to judge how near or far objects are from oneself.
13
Q
At what age do infants begin to show awareness of depth?
A
One month of age.
14
Q
What do infants do when an object moves quickly towards their face?
A
They blink.
15
Q
How does depth perception develop in infants who are not yet crawling?
A
They have poor depth perception and may not recognize a potential fall.
16
Q
What is the visual cliff?
A
An apparatus consisting of a solid glass tabletop with patterned surfaces underneath to create the illusion of a drop-off.
17
Q
What does the visual cliff apparatus help determine?
A
How infants perceive depth and react to visual inputs.
18
Q
What do pre-crawling infants do when they encounter the visual cliff?
A
They move straight over it because they don’t yet perceive depth accurately.
19
Q
How does crawling experience affect depth perception in infants?
A
It enhances depth perception, making them more aware of potential dangers.
20
Q
What does a baby stopping at the edge of the visual cliff indicate?
A
The baby is now perceiving depth.
21
Q
Fill in the blank: The visual cliff creates the illusion of a _______.
A
[drop-off]
22
Q
True or False: Infants who have just started crawling are more likely to recognize a potential fall.
A
False.
23
Q
What visual cue prompts a baby to stop at the visual cliff?
A
The visual illusion of a drop.
24
Q
What happens to infants’ perception of depth as they gain crawling experience?
A
It improves, allowing them to avoid unsafe situations.
25
What is the other race effect?
The phenomenon where individuals find it more difficult to distinguish between faces of a different ethnicity than they do between faces of their own ethnicity.
## Footnote
This effect highlights the impact of experience on face perception.
26
What ability are infants born with regarding face recognition?
Infants are born with the ability to recognize and differentiate between faces of various ethnicities.
## Footnote
This innate ability allows them to initially distinguish between all kinds of faces.
27
How does exposure to familiar ethnicities affect face recognition in infants?
Their ability to distinguish between faces from unfamiliar ethnic groups diminishes as they are not regularly exposed to them.
## Footnote
This highlights how experience shapes visual perception.
28
What happens to infants' ability to discriminate faces over time?
Their visual perception is honed to focus on being able to discriminate between the faces of the ethnicity that they're most familiar with.
## Footnote
This results in a decline in their ability to discriminate between faces of other ethnic backgrounds.
29
Fill in the blank: The other race effect illustrates the impact of _______ on face perception.
[specific experience]
30
What are the key visual milestones reached by Indigenous children?
Tracking objects and developing depth perception
31
What drives the foundational aspects of visual development in children?
Nature
32
What role do environmental factors play in the visual development of Indigenous children?
They can reveal strengths
33
What is suggested about refractive errors in some Indigenous communities in Australia?
Lower rates of refractive errors
34
What may contribute to healthier eye development in Indigenous children?
Spending more time outdoors
35
What specific environmental exposure benefits Indigenous children's eye development?
Natural light
36
What factors contribute to visual development moving forward from childhood?
* Quality of health care
* Access to vision screenings
* Overall nutrition
37
How does limited healthcare access affect Indigenous children in remote communities?
It can delay early interventions and lead to undiagnosed visual impairments
38
True or False: Indigenous children develop visual skills at different ages compared to non-Indigenous peers.
False
39
Fill in the blank: The quality of _______ can influence the detection and treatment of visual impairments.
health care
40
What is the primary similarity in biological maturation of visual development across cultures?
Infants reach visual development milestones at the same ages
## Footnote
This indicates that biological factors are key in visual maturation.
41
What additional factor plays a role in visual development besides biological maturation?
Nurture
## Footnote
Nurture refers to environmental influences, including access to healthcare.
42
What role does the environment play in visual development?
Access to healthcare is important for ongoing visual health
## Footnote
This highlights the significance of external factors in maintaining visual well-being.
43
How can culture influence visual perception?
Culture can shape visual perception
## Footnote
This suggests that cultural contexts can affect how individuals interpret visual stimuli.
44
Reflect on your key takeaway from the module. What should you do?
Jot down and reflect on your key takeaway
## Footnote
Reflection is essential for personal understanding and retention of information.
45
How do children acquire knowledge according to Piaget?
Through activity as active agents and by manipulating their objects and ideas.
46
What type of education has Piaget's approach brought into focus?
Child-centered education.
47
What does Piaget argue is necessary to understand how children make sense of the world?
To look at their ability to solve problems and how this changes qualitatively across development.
48
What is Piaget's theory of development characterized by?
A stage theory of development.
49
According to Piaget, how do children progress through stages of thinking?
Through broad changes in the structure or logic of their intelligence.
50
Is Piaget's proposed development continuous or stage-based?
Stage-based with leaps between stages.
51
What does Piaget say about the evolution of knowledge?
Knowledge is constantly evolving.
52
What is a schema according to Piaget?
A collection of ideas and knowledge that a child has about a particular topic.
53
How do schemas change as a child gains experience?
They grow and adapt as the child encounters more instances related to that schema.
54
What are the two processes Piaget describes for adapting schemas?
Assimilation and accommodation.
55
What does assimilation involve?
Bringing consistent or affirming information into an existing schema.
56
What happens during the accommodation of a schema?
Adapting the schema when faced with new information that challenges it.
57
What remains the same at every stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Intelligent activity based on the organization of schemas.
58
What processes occur as children learn more about their world?
Adaptation through assimilation and accommodation.
59
Fill in the blank: Piaget's theory proposes that children progress through ______ stages.
distinct
60
True or False: Piaget believed that development is continuous.
False
61
What are the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget?
1. Sensory motor stage 2. Pre operational stage 3. Concrete operational stage 4. Formal operational stage
62
What is the age range for the sensory motor stage?
Birth to 24 months
63
What is the age range for the pre operational stage?
Aged two to seven years
64
What is the age range for the concrete operational stage?
Seven to 12 years
65
What is the age range for the formal operational stage?
From 12 years onwards
66
At what stage do children's thinking become adult-like according to Piaget?
Formal operational stage
67
What is an assumption of Piaget's theory regarding knowledge acquisition?
Knowledge is acquired through children's activity
68
How does Piaget suggest children's actions on the world differ?
It differs depending on the stage of development they are at
69
Fill in the blank: The first stage of cognitive development is the _______.
Sensory motor stage
70
Fill in the blank: The second stage of cognitive development is the _______.
Pre operational stage
71
Fill in the blank: The third stage of cognitive development is the _______.
Concrete operational stage
72
Fill in the blank: The fourth stage of cognitive development is the _______.
Formal operational stage
73
What is deferred imitation?
Copying or imitating something seen previously at a later point.
## Footnote
This concept highlights the ability to replicate behaviors after a delay, indicating cognitive development.
74
Who conducted observations related to deferred imitation?
Jean Piaget.
## Footnote
Piaget is a developmental psychologist known for his work on child development stages.
75
At what age did Piaget observe his daughter Jacqueline demonstrating deferred imitation?
16 months.
## Footnote
This observation involved Jacqueline imitating a behavior she had witnessed the day before.
76
What behavior did Jacqueline imitate from the boy she observed?
Screaming in her playpen and trying to move it while stamping her feet.
## Footnote
This imitation involved emotional expression and physical action.
77
What cognitive achievement does deferred imitation relate to?
Mental representation.
## Footnote
Mental representation refers to the ability to store and recall information about observed behaviors.
78
What does the ability to store and reproduce actions indicate about cognitive development?
It demonstrates the capacity to remember and retrieve information at an appropriate moment.
## Footnote
This ability is crucial for learning and adapting behaviors.
79
What is one other cognitive achievement of the sensorimotor stage mentioned by Piaget?
Object permanence.
## Footnote
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
80
Fill in the blank: Deferred imitation is the ability to _______.
imitate actions observed at a later time.
## Footnote
This skill is a sign of advanced cognitive processing in infants.
81
What is object permanence?
The realization that objects exist and continue to exist, even when they're out of sight.
## Footnote
This concept is crucial in developmental psychology, particularly in understanding infant cognition.
82
How do young infants behave regarding hidden objects?
They do not search for an object that has been hidden because it doesn't exist to them anymore.
83
At what stage do infants start to learn about object permanence?
By the end of the sensory motor stage.
84
True or False: Infants understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight from birth.
False.
85
Fill in the blank: Infants initially will not look for a hidden object because it ______.
doesn't exist to them anymore.
86
What significant realization do infants achieve during the sensory motor stage?
They learn that objects continue to exist when they're out of view.
87
What cognitive challenge do children in the pre operational stage struggle with?
Understanding conservation
## Footnote
Conservation refers to the understanding that quantity doesn't change even when its shape does.
88
How do children in the pre operational stage typically interact with their toys?
They love to line their toys up meticulously and ensure everything is positioned right
## Footnote
This behavior reflects their fascination with order.
89
Why do children in the pre operational stage perform poorly on conservation tasks?
They lack a proper grasp of the concepts involved
## Footnote
Their cognitive development at this stage limits their understanding of conservation.
90
What is a characteristic behavior of children in the pre operational stage regarding their environment?
They try to organize the world around them
## Footnote
This organization process is part of their cognitive development.
91
True or False: Children in the pre operational stage have a strong understanding of conservation tasks.
False
## Footnote
They struggle with conservation tasks due to their developmental stage.
92
What is the concrete operational stage?
A developmental stage where children understand mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
## Footnote
This stage is characterized by the ability to perform operations mentally and understand the concept of conservation.
93
What is a key achievement of the concrete operational stage?
Understanding conservation.
## Footnote
Conservation refers to the understanding that quantity does not change even when its shape does.
94
What are the limitations in children's thinking during the concrete operational stage?
Children still have limitations on their thinking.
## Footnote
These limitations may include difficulties with abstract concepts and hypothetical scenarios.
95
What is the formal operational stage?
A developmental stage where children are better at hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning.
## Footnote
In this stage, children can deduce conclusions from abstract statements.
96
What abilities improve significantly by the formal operational stage?
Hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning.
## Footnote
Children can analyze situations and think logically about possibilities.
97
True or False: Children in the formal operational stage can deduce conclusions from concrete statements.
False.
## Footnote
Children in this stage are more focused on abstract reasoning rather than just concrete statements.
