module 5: cognitive development 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What is representational insight in symbolic understanding?
A
The ability to determine what a symbol stands for
2
Q
How does physical similarity between a symbol and its referent affect understanding?
A
Greater physical similarity makes representational insight easier
3
Q
What role does prior experience with symbols play in decoding their meaning?
A
It helps individuals understand what the symbols represent
4
Q
What does the exit symbol typically depict?
A
The location of an exit
5
Q
Fill in the blank: A prior experience with symbols helps you to _______ what it stands for.
A
decode
6
Q
Why might a young child struggle to understand the exit symbol?
A
They lack prior experience with such symbols
7
Q
According to Piaget, what is the first stage of cognitive development?
A
The sensory motor stage
8
Q
What age range does the sensory motor stage cover?
A
Birth to two years of age
9
Q
What significant development occurs by the end of the sensory motor stage?
A
Children begin to engage in symbolic play
10
Q
What is symbolic play?
A
Using objects to stand for other things
11
Q
True or False: Understanding how symbols are used is important for cognitive development.
A
True
12
Q
What does the arrow in the exit symbol indicate?
A
Direction to the exit
13
Q
How can variations in exit signs affect understanding?
A
They can confuse those unfamiliar with the symbols
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The degree of _______ between a symbol and its referent affects understanding.
A
physical similarity
15
Q
What stage follows the sensory motor stage in child development?
A
The pre operational stage
16
Q
What is the age range for the pre operational stage?
A
Between two and seven years of age
17
Q
Why is the pre operational stage crucial for children?
A
It is crucial for symbolic understanding
18
Q
What key cognitive development occurs during the pre operational stage?
A
Development of representational insight
19
Q
What ability do children gain in terms of symbols during the pre operational stage?
A
They develop new ways of thinking about symbols
20
Q
What concept allows children to distinguish appearance from reality?
A
Understanding that a cartoon represents something in the real world but is not the real world itself
21
Q
What is dual representation?
A
Understanding that one object can represent another
22
Q
What does representational flexibility refer to?
A
The ability to use symbols in various ways
23
Q
What is the concept that children must achieve to successfully use a model, map, or picture?
A
Dual representation
Dual representation refers to the ability to understand that a symbolic object can represent both itself and something else.
24
Q
What challenges do children face in understanding symbols during the preoperational stage?
A
Understanding dual representation
The preoperational stage is characterized by challenges in grasping symbolic concepts.
25
Fill in the blank: To successfully use a model, map, or picture, children must achieve _______.
Dual representation
26
What is the influence of regionality on cognitive development?
There can be some differences in cognitive development due to regionality.
27
What aspect of educational context is highlighted in the text?
The impact of specific educational context on cognitive development.
28
Which group of children is mentioned as having a stronger understanding of cardinal directions?
Children in Sanskrit schools.
29
True or False: The text suggests that educational context has no impact on cognitive development.
False.
30
Fill in the blank: Children in _______ schools have a stronger understanding of cardinal directions.
Sanskrit
31
What does Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory focus on?
How the culture of a social group, including shared knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, and skills, is transmitted to the next generation
32
How do children construct their knowledge according to Vygotsky?
Through social interaction with others
33
What is Piaget's view on how children construct knowledge?
By acting on the world
34
What is a key difference between Vygotsky's and Piaget's theories?
Vygotsky emphasizes social interaction while Piaget emphasizes individual action
35
What must be examined to understand individual development according to Vygotsky?
The broader cultural context
36
What is the core concept of Vygotsky's theory?
Social scaffolding
## Footnote
Social scaffolding involves guidance from more competent social partners to help a child develop complex thinking and problem-solving skills.
37
How does social scaffolding help children?
It helps children develop more complex ways of thinking and problem solving
## Footnote
This development is influenced by cultural practices and social contexts.
38
What is an example of Indigenous storytelling in Vygotsky's theory?
Learning through oral traditions and observation of elders
## Footnote
This aligns with Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development.
39
How is social scaffolding demonstrated in Japanese mathematics education?
Students engage in collective problem solving and discuss multiple solutions
## Footnote
This enhances understanding and emphasizes language and social interaction in learning.
40
What is an example of Mayan children's learning as per Vygotsky's theory?
Learning weaving by observing and imitating their mothers
## Footnote
This shows how learning occurs through participation with more knowledgeable others.
41
What is the zone of proximal development?
The distance between actual developmental level and potential development level
## Footnote
It is determined through problem solving under guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
42
What does Vygotsky suggest is necessary for a child to extend their knowledge?
Guidance from a more knowledgeable other person
## Footnote
This could be a parent or teacher who helps the child engage at a higher level.
43
Fill in the blank: The zone of proximal development is the distance between the actual developmental level and the level of _______.
potential development
## Footnote
This concept is central to understanding how guidance impacts learning.
44
True or False: Vygotsky believes cognitive development is independent of social and cultural contexts.
False
## Footnote
Vygotsky emphasizes that cognitive development is deeply embedded in social and cultural contexts.
45
What role does language play in Vygotsky's theory?
It is crucial for learning and social interaction
## Footnote
Language facilitates communication and understanding in the context of social scaffolding.
46
What is a key method through which children acquire cultural knowledge according to Vygotsky?
Guided participation
## Footnote
This involves interacting with more knowledgeable others in real-life activities.
47
What does the information processing approach consider?
How children take in new information, transform it, and use it to respond to their environment or problems
48
What is a focus of the information processing approach?
Analysis of particular cognitive processes involved in specific cognitive tasks and how these change with age
49
What is specified in the information processing approach?
All the processing steps involved in cognitive tasks
50
How does the information processing approach relate to computers?
It parallels the way computers work and how humans process information
51
In the information processing approach, what are the hardware factors?
* Memory capacity
* Speed of processing
52
In the information processing approach, what are the software factors?
* Knowledge
* Strategies used to solve problems
53
What do we make while processing information according to the information processing approach?
Information processing errors
54
What are information processing limitations?
Constraints that affect how information is processed
55
At what point does the information processing approach seek to identify problems?
At what point the problem became a problem
56
What are the potential limitations that can lead to problem-solving errors?
Encoding limitations, computational limitations, retrieval limitations, storage and workspace limitations.
## Footnote
These limitations refer to different stages in the problem-solving process where errors can occur.
57
What is an encoding limitation in problem-solving?
An encoding limitation occurs when the correct information about the problem is not encoded properly.
## Footnote
For example, misreading a division sign as a minus sign.
58
What happens during a computational limitation?
The correct information may be encoded, but it is not used appropriately during problem-solving.
## Footnote
This may involve realizing the operation is division but performing the wrong mathematical operation.
59
What is a retrieval limitation?
A retrieval limitation occurs when the appropriate strategy is available, but the wrong one is retrieved in the moment.
## Footnote
This can lead to incorrect problem-solving outcomes.
60
What does storage and workspace limitation refer to?
The inability to hold all necessary information in working memory due to its capacity limit.
## Footnote
This can hinder problem-solving when too much information is required simultaneously.
61
What is the focus of the information processing account in problem-solving?
It examines where the difficulty lies in the problem-solving process.
## Footnote
This approach analyzes different limitations that can affect the outcome.
62
What is selective attention?
The capacity to focus only on chosen stimuli and filter out all other irrelevant information.
## Footnote
Selective attention allows individuals to concentrate on specific aspects of their environment while ignoring distractions.
63
How is selective attention tested?
Using central incidental memory tasks, such as showing an array of pictures and asking to remember a specific category.
## Footnote
This can involve categorizing items like household objects and animals.
64
What is an example of a central incidental memory task?
Showing an array of pictures that includes household objects and animals and asking the participant to remember only the animals.
## Footnote
This task assesses the ability to focus attention on a specific category.
65
Who generally performs better on selective attention tasks, children or adults?
Adults.
## Footnote
Adults have better selective attention and can filter out irrelevant stimuli more accurately than children.
66
What do children tend to recall in selective attention tasks?
Children often recall some animals and some household objects.
## Footnote
Their performance is less accurate compared to adults, who focus better on the requested category.
67
What do adults typically recall in selective attention tasks?
Adults usually recall little of the irrelevant household objects, focusing mainly on the requested task.
## Footnote
This indicates their ability to filter out distractions effectively.
68
Fill in the blank: Selective attention allows individuals to focus on _______ and filter out _______.
[chosen stimuli], [irrelevant stimuli].
## Footnote
This concept is crucial for understanding how attention works in different age groups.
69
True or False: Children have better selective attention than adults.
False.
## Footnote
Adults generally have better selective attention capabilities compared to children.
70
What is sustained attention?
Sustained attention requires staying on task over a sustained period of time
71
Why is sustained attention important?
It is necessary for learning a new task, solving a problem, or watching lectures
72
What trend is observed in children's capacity for sustained attention between ages one and five?
Increases in capacity for sustained attention are observed
73
How do very young children demonstrate their attentional abilities?
They flip between activities very quickly
74
At what age can a child stay focused on a task for a longer period?
By age five
75
What are individual differences in attentional abilities?
Differences in children's attentional abilities that emerge early
76
What predicts attention in early childhood?
Measures of sustained attention at age one and two
77
What are elaboration strategies used for?
To encode and remember information
## Footnote
Elaboration strategies help create associations between items for better recall.
78
What does elaboration mean in the context of memory?
Making associations between items to help recall
## Footnote
This technique enhances memory by linking new information with existing knowledge.
79
Give an example of an elaboration strategy for remembering 'fish' and 'hat'.
The fish put his hat on
## Footnote
Conjuring an image of a fish wearing a hat aids memory.
80
How do young children use elaboration strategies compared to older children?
They use them but less effectively
## Footnote
Older children tend to have more developed strategies for effective elaboration.
81
What is an example of a word pair that children might need to remember?
Lady and broom
## Footnote
This example illustrates how elaboration can be applied to pairs of words.
82
What was the primary purpose of the Binet test?
To measure intellectual performance of school children
83
What did Binet aim to replace with his test?
Subjective and often biased evaluations by teachers
84
How did Binet view the scores from his test?
As a practical estimate of current performance, not a measure of innate intelligence
85
What did Binet believe the test results should be used for?
To help identify areas where children needed special help
86
What approach was key to Binet's method?
Quantification of a student's performance
87
What was the process Binet used to establish norms for the test?
Testing a great number of children of various ages to obtain average scores
88
How was an individual child's performance evaluated?
Compared to the average score for their age group
89
True or False: Binet believed his test could measure innate intelligence.
False
90
Fill in the blank: The Binet test was meant to classify and separate _______ children from normal ones.
[retarded]
91
What type of intelligence does Raven's Progressive Matrices test?
Non verbal intelligence
## Footnote
It specifically assesses visual spatial skills.
92
What is required from the test-taker in Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Select the missing pattern from an array
## Footnote
The test consists of a matrix of patterns with one pattern missing.
93
What characterizes the task in Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Progressive order of difficulty
## Footnote
The matrices are completed in increasing levels of challenge.
94
What version of Raven's Progressive Matrices is designed for younger children?
Colored version
## Footnote
This version makes the task more age appropriate for younger test-takers.
95
What is the standard version of Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Black and white version
## Footnote
This version is used for older children and adults.
96
Which side of the Raven's Progressive Matrices scale typically features easier items?
Left side
## Footnote
The left side has an easier item compared to the right side.
97
Fill in the blank: Raven's Progressive Matrices assesses _______ skills.
[visual spatial]
98
True or False: Raven's Progressive Matrices requires a high level of verbal ability.
False
## Footnote
Little specific verbal ability is needed for this test.
99
What is the main task for test-takers in Raven's Progressive Matrices?
Complete the matrix by finding the missing pattern
## Footnote
Test-takers are shown a matrix with one missing pattern.
100
What is Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence?
It includes a general intelligence (G) and specific ability intelligence (S)
## Footnote
Spearman proposed that G underlies performance across all mental tasks, while S varies between individuals.
101
What does G intelligence represent in Spearman's theory?
General intelligence that underlies performance across all kinds of mental tasks
## Footnote
G is considered a broad, stable factor.
102
What does S intelligence represent in Spearman's theory?
Task specific abilities that vary between individuals
## Footnote
S is unique to each task and individual.
103
How do differences in performance arise according to Spearman?
G remains a broad, stable factor while S is unique to each task and individual
## Footnote
Aggregated performance on specific abilities indicates general abilities.
104
What is the G factor?
It refers to general abilities often indicated by aggregated performance on specific abilities
## Footnote
G factor is a concept introduced by Spearman.
105
Who challenged Spearman's G factor model?
Thurston
## Footnote
Thurston proposed that intelligence consists of multiple independent abilities.
106
What did Thurston identify as the seven primary mental abilities?
* Verbal comprehension
* Word fluency
* Number ability
* Visual spatial intelligence
* Associative memory
* Perceptual speed
* Reasoning
## Footnote
These abilities include skills related to logical and problem solving.
107
What are the two types of intelligence proposed by Cattell?
Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
## Footnote
Fluid intelligence refers to biologically based abilities free from environmental influences, while crystallized intelligence grows from individual experiences and is influenced by environmental factors.
108
Define fluid intelligence.
Abilities that are biologically based and free from environmental influences
## Footnote
Fluid intelligence is heritable and not affected by cultural or environmental factors.
109
Define crystallized intelligence.
Abilities that grow out of an individual's experiences and are highly environmentally determined
## Footnote
Crystallized intelligence includes general knowledge and word comprehension.
110
Who proposed the theory of multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner
## Footnote
Gardner's theory was proposed in the 1980s and challenges traditional views of intelligence.
111
What is the main premise of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
Intelligence is not a single general ability but a set of distinct intelligences
## Footnote
Gardner identified various intelligences, including interpersonal, existential, musical, and mathematical smarts.
112
List three types of intelligences included in Gardner's theory.
* Interpersonal intelligence
* Existential intelligence
* Musical intelligence
113
What does Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence propose?
Intelligence consists of three interrelated components
## Footnote
Sternberg's theory was proposed in 1985 and emphasizes the complexity of intelligence beyond a general ability.
114
Fill in the blank: Cattell's fluid intelligence is _______ based.
[biologically]
## Footnote
Fluid intelligence is considered heritable and independent of environmental influences.
115
True or False: Crystallized intelligence is influenced by cultural factors.
True
## Footnote
Crystallized intelligence develops from experiences shaped by cultural and environmental contexts.
