module 3: physical development Flashcards
(20 cards)
what are the 5 categories of physical assessment that occurs at birth
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability and colour
what are they looking for when they look at the heart rate
whether one is present, if there is one - how fast is it going? under 100 beats a minute is good but over a 100 beats a minute is better
what are they looking for when they check muscle tone
if the baby is actively moving around - the best option, if there’s some movement - still good or if the baby is limp
what does reflex irritability involve
Reflex irritability involves a health professional prodding and poking the infant’s foot to see if they can elicit a cry or a grimace from the baby. Now, if the baby grimaces after in response to being poked and prodded, they receive a score of one. If baby lets out a cry, they receive a score of two
what about the baby’s colour at birth?
They’re looking for a pink, healthy colour here for the baby to get a score of two. If the baby’s body is pink, but their extremities are not pink, they get a score of one. If they’re pale, they’ll get a score of zero
what is the fontanelle
the soft squishy spot on the top of a baby’s head. it exists because the bony plates of the infant skull aren’t fully formed and remain apart, and they have a soft membrane or suture in between.
why is the fontanelle important?
the fontanelle allows flexibility in the skull, which is actually so crucial for the baby to pass through the birth canal. During birth, this fontanelle typically remains open until around 18 months, at which point the bones fuse together, forming a solid adult.
how long does a baby between the age of birth to 2 months sleep for
15 hours a day
how long does a 6month old baby sleep for
13 hours
how long does a child up to 24 months sleep for
12 hours
how long does a baby’s sleep cycle last for?
45 minutes
what is the sleep pattern during a baby’s sleep cycle
In a baby’s 45 minute sleep cycle the first 10 minutes involves them dozing off, followed by a gradual deepening of sleep, and they enter the deeper space of sleep around 20 to 30 minutes in. But this only lasts for about 10 minutes. And after this, they transition to lighter sleep, and that’s where they when they’re easily woken by by noises.
what are the two types of reflexes in infants and what are they used for?
survival reflexes and primitive reflexes.
Survival reflexes such as breathing, which is essential and permanent. Another survival reflex is rooting, but this one isn’t a permanent one. So Rooting is the reflex that helps babies orient to their food source, like the breast or bottle, by turning their cheek in response to a touch. It helps them find the breast or bottle to latch on for a milk feed. Sucking and swallowing are also crucial survival reflexes. The sucking reflex develops at around 36 weeks of gestation. The swallowing reflex helps babies take in milk without choking, and of course, is very important for when they start eating solids later on.
primitive reflexes - reflexes which aren’t essential to survival. the Morrow reflex - the startle reflex, the grasping reflex, the bibinski reflex - where an infants toes fan when the bottom of their foot is touched, the stepping reflex and the swimming reflex
what are fine and gross motor skills
Fine motor skills involve the small muscles, and so for a young infant, this would be something like reaching or grasping. And gross motor skills in an infant involve are involved in activities like crawling and walking, and they involve the larger muscle groups.
name the gross motor skills for a child
2-3 they can brush their teeth or button their shirts, by 3-4 they can use pencils or turn the pages of a book, 5-7 they can draw shapes or cut shapes with scissors
what gross motor skills do children aged 3-11
Two and three year old children have begun to walk and run with ease, but their coordination and balance have yet to fully mature. This leads to their often less than graceful approach to stairs and dancing.
Between the ages of six and 11, gross motor skills continue to improve, and children are able to better coordinate their movements. Developmental differences in gross motor development affect athletic prowess, as can be seen in the eye, hand coordination and reaction times of John Sam and Rachel as they throw and catch a tennis ball you.
what physical changes occur during adolescence
sexual maturation, growth spurt, hormonal changes - testosterone in boys and oestrogen in girls
what occurs to the brain during adolescence
While the child is developing in ways that are really generalized, learning everything they can, about everything they can, an adolescent is going to begin to find their passion, to actually find things they like, things they really love doing, and to drive their development in that way. So pruning is actually a use it or lose it
what physical changes occur in middle age
we start to lose height and to gain weight. Our metabolism slows down, and many people experience issues like high blood pressure. For women, there’s transition through perimenopause to menopause during this middle adulthood period in late adulthood, physical decline accelerates our reflexes slow, our movements become less efficient, and sensory loss, such as declining vision or hearing,
what are the cultural issues with milestones
They’re not universal standards, and they’re inadequate for tracking development of infants in all cultures because they ignore cultural and environmental factors
