module 12: psychological development Flashcards
(69 cards)
What is the basic conflict of childhood discussed in the text?
Autonomy versus shame
This conflict typically arises between the ages of one to three years.
What do children desire to do during the stage of autonomy?
Explore the environment and do things on their own
This includes moving around, using their hands, eating, and lifting things.
At what age does the concept of autonomy generally develop?
Around one to three years
This is a crucial period for children to assert their independence.
What contributes to the development of a good sense of self and autonomy?
Support and encouragement from people around them
Positive reinforcement helps children feel capable and self-sufficient.
What causes shame and doubt in children according to the text?
Not fulfilling the expectations of others and social pressures
This can occur when children perceive that others are performing better.
What happens when a child faces restrictions on their actions?
Embarrassment and hesitation develop
This can lead to unresolved conflicts regarding autonomy.
True or False: Shame and doubt arise independently of social contexts.
False
Shame and doubt are influenced by social interactions and expectations.
Fill in the blank: The conflict of autonomy versus shame is primarily resolved by gaining a sense of _______.
autonomy
Gaining autonomy is crucial for healthy emotional development in children.
What role do parents play in a child’s development of autonomy?
They provide support and set expectations
Parents’ reactions can significantly impact a child’s self-esteem and autonomy.
What is a potential negative outcome of shaming a child?
Inability to resolve the conflict of autonomy
This can lead to long-term issues with self-esteem and independence.
What is the age range for the initiative versus guilt phase?
Three to five years
What do children in the initiative versus guilt phase enjoy doing?
Playing by themselves and exploring
What skills do children develop during the initiative versus guilt phase?
New skills such as:
* Numbers
* Blocks
* Joining things
* Making puzzles
* Solving puzzles
* Playing small board games
True or False: Children in this phase prefer to play alone rather than with others.
True
Fill in the blank: During the initiative versus guilt phase, children develop a sense of _______.
Conscience
What activities help children develop new skills in the initiative versus guilt phase?
Age-appropriate activities such as:
* Playing with toys
* Solving puzzles
* Engaging in small board games
What is a notable behavior of three-year-old children in this phase?
They want to explore and move around
What stage coincides with Freud’s phallic stage?
The resolution of the Oedipus and Electra complexes
The phallic stage is a key part of Freud’s psychosexual development theory.
What complex is more related to boys?
The Oedipus complex
The Oedipus complex involves a boy’s desire for his mother and rivalry with his father.
What complex is associated with girls according to Freud?
The Electra complex
The Electra complex involves a girl’s desire for her father and rivalry with her mother.
What feelings do children develop towards their parents in the context of these complexes?
Desire and hostility
Boys desire their mothers and feel hostility towards their fathers, while girls desire their fathers and feel hostility towards their mothers.
What realization do children come to regarding their desires towards their parents?
That it is not morally acceptable
Children learn that their feelings of desire towards their parents are inappropriate.
How do children resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes?
Through identification with the same-sex parent
Boys identify with their fathers, while girls identify with their mothers.
What behavior do children exhibit as they identify with their same-sex parent?
They try to act, behave, and talk like their parent
This identification helps them to take on gender roles.
