module 8: psychosocial

Question 1

Who are Neo Freudians?

Answer 1

Individuals who initially agreed with Freud’s concepts but later developed their own theoretical perspectives.

Question 2

What is a key difference between Neo Freudians and Freud?

Answer 2

Neo Freudians differ from Freud on certain aspects of his theories.

Question 3

What does Erikson’s psychosocial development theory emphasize?

Answer 3

It emphasizes lifelong development and the resolution of social conflicts at each stage.

Question 4

According to Erikson, what does each stage of life center around?

Answer 4

A social conflict that needs to be resolved.

Question 5

True or False: Erikson’s theory only focuses on psychosexual development.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Erikson’s theory extends beyond psychosexual development into _______.

Answer 6

the entire lifespan

Question 7

What is a significant aspect of Erikson’s theory of development?

Answer 7

Development is lifelong.

Question 8

What is the primary focus of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory?

Answer 8

The resolution of conflicts throughout the lifespan.

Question 9

How does Erikson’s theory address conflict?

Answer 9

It suggests that conflict must be resolved.

Question 10

Who is considered the father of developmental psychology?

Answer 10

Bronfenbrenner

He is recognized for his contributions to understanding human development within various contexts.

Question 11

What is the innermost system in Bronfenbrenner’s model?

Answer 11

Micro system

The micro system is the closest environment to the individual, primarily involving family.

Question 12

What role does the family play in the micro system?

Answer 12

The family becomes the micro system for the child

It is the primary context in which a child grows and develops.

Question 13

List the systems in Bronfenbrenner’s model in order from innermost to outermost.

Answer 13

• Micro system
• Meso system
• Exo system
• Macro system
• Corona system

These systems represent different levels of environment affecting development.

Question 14

What do the concentric circles in Bronfenbrenner’s model represent?

Answer 14

Different systems around the individual

Each circle represents a broader context influencing the individual’s development.

Question 15

True or False: The systems in Bronfenbrenner’s model are unidirectional.

Answer 15

False

The systems are bi-directional, meaning they affect each other.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: In Bronfenbrenner’s model, the individual sits at the _______.

Answer 16

center

The individual is the focal point around which the systems are organized.

Question 17

What is the significance of the bi-directional arrows in Bronfenbrenner’s model?

Answer 17

Each system affects the individual, and the individual affects each system

This indicates the dynamic interactions between the individual and their environments.

Question 18

Who are the two important psychologists associated with the origins of attachment theory?

Answer 18

Bowlby and Ainsworth

Bowlby was a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who laid the foundation of attachment theory alongside Mary Ainsworth.

Question 19

What was Bowlby’s early experience that influenced his research?

Answer 19

Volunteering at a residential school for maladjusted children

Bowlby observed the behavior of children in the school, particularly their reactions to separation from parents.

Question 20

What did Bowlby and his colleague Robertson maintain during their observations?

Answer 20

A log of children’s behavior during separation from parents

They documented how children behaved and related to each other when separated from their parents.

Question 21

What did Robertson suggest as a response to separation?

Answer 21

Three phases or aspects in the child’s behavior

These phases describe how children react to parental separation, although Robertson’s contributions are often overlooked.

Question 22

What is a notable contribution of Robertson outside of his observations?

Answer 22

A film titled ‘A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital’

The film depicts a child’s distress while being hospitalized without parental presence, highlighting the emotional impact on children.

Question 23

In the 1950s, what was a common practice regarding children in hospitals?

Answer 23

Children were left alone for long hours without their parents

This practice contributed to the distress observed in children during hospital stays.

Question 24

True or False: Bowlby and Ainsworth worked together throughout their careers.

Answer 24

False

While they had similar research interests and later collaborated, they initially worked in different parts of the world.

Question 25

What is the first phase of attachment in infants called?

Answer 25

Pre-attachment phase ## Footnote This phase occurs in the first six weeks of life.

Question 26

During the pre-attachment phase, how developed is the infant's visual sense?

Answer 26

Not developed to that extent ## Footnote Infants are unable to focus their eyes very much.

Question 27

In the pre-attachment phase, how do infants react to caregivers?

Answer 27

Indiscriminately ## Footnote Infants are more focused on being cared for than on who is providing that care.

Question 28

What emotional responses are infants capable of during the pre-attachment phase?

Answer 28

Crying and being looked after ## Footnote This indicates a basic connection being made.

Question 29

What marks the beginning of the pre-attachment phase?

Answer 29

Babbling ## Footnote This phase includes initial social interactions such as smiling and crying.

Question 30

What is the second phase of attachment called?

Answer 30

Attachment in the making phase ## Footnote This phase lasts about six to eight months.

Question 31

During the attachment in the making phase, what key development occurs?

Answer 31

Hope and trust in the caregiver ## Footnote Infants begin to understand that someone is consistently there for them.

Question 32

How do infants respond to strangers versus caregivers during the attachment in the making phase?

Answer 32

Differently ## Footnote Infants start to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar individuals.

Question 33

By what age is a clear-cut attachment established in infants?

Answer 33

By eight months to 18 months ## Footnote This is when infants show a strong preference for their primary caregiver.

Question 34

What behavior indicates a clear-cut attachment in infants?

Answer 34

Crying for their caregiver ## Footnote Infants express a desire to be cared for by their primary attachment figure.

Question 35

What is secure attachment?

Answer 35

A type of attachment characterized by a strong bond between child and caregiver, leading to comfort and security during separation.

Question 36

What is avoidant attachment?

Answer 36

A classification where the child is not distressed by separation and shows low engagement upon the caregiver's return.

Question 37

What behavior characterizes a child with avoidant attachment?

Answer 37

The child does not show distress when the caregiver leaves and avoids the parent upon return.

Question 38

What is anxious-resistant attachment?

Answer 38

A type of attachment where the child remains very close to the parent, showing clinginess and anxiety.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The child with _______ attachment is not bothered by the caregiver's absence and avoids interaction upon their return.

Answer 39

avoidant

Question 40

True or False: Anxious-resistant attachment leads to a child being distant from their caregiver.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What occurs over time to lead to avoidant attachment?

Answer 41

Goal correctedness, where the child learns to not be affected by the caregiver's presence or absence.