module 7: moral development Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
At what age do children start to show understanding of morality?
A
As young as two years
2
Q
What behavior do children exhibit if they see someone behaving aggressively?
A
They act with a sense of alarm
3
Q
How do children typically react to aggressive peers?
A
They shy away from engaging with children who are outwardly aggressive
4
Q
What types of behaviors suggest that children understand pro-social behaviors?
A
- Helping behaviors
- Engaging with others
- Sharing with others
- Giving things away to others
5
Q
What is the typical reaction of children towards aggressive peers who take things away?
A
Other children normally do not like to engage with them
6
Q
Fill in the blank: Children as young as two have the ability to understand what we call _______.
A
pro-social behaviors
7
Q
What are pro social behaviors?
A
Positive behaviors in the moral sense.
8
Q
Who initially controls morality in children?
A
Caregivers and parents.
9
Q
How do children learn moral behaviors?
A
Through the modeling of these behaviors by caregivers.
10
Q
What happens to moral regulation as children grow older?
A
It becomes regulated by their own inner standards.
11
Q
What do children learn to follow as they develop?
A
A set of principles in a variety of situations.
12
Q
What is self concept?
A
Knowledge of our own attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values.
13
Q
Why is a positive self concept important?
A
It defines who we are and influences our self-belief.
14
Q
What is the difference between a positive and a negative self concept?
A
Positive self concept leads to acceptance of one’s actions, while negative self concept leads to feelings of unacceptability.
15
Q
What challenge do children face as they develop?
A
Struggling with boundaries and self-differentiation.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: Children can have difficulty understanding the viewpoint of others when they _______.
A
hit somebody.
17
Q
True or False: A positive self concept is always better for children.
A
True.
18
Q
What does initiative help children develop?
A
A positive sense of their own selves and a positive self concept
This relates to higher self esteem.
19
Q
What effect does criticism have on children?
A
It can undermine or underestimate a child’s abilities
Criticism can lead to a lower self esteem.
20
Q
What can arise from criticizing children for their efforts?
A
An underestimation of their own self esteem.
21
Q
As children develop language, what ability do they also develop?
A
The ability to express their emotions.
22
Q
What is the importance of self concept in children?
A
It supports their emotional development.
23
Q
Name some self conscious emotions that children develop.
A
- Shame
- Embarrassment
- Guilt
- Envy
- Pride
These emotions can be uncomfortable for adults as well.
24
Q
True or False: Protecting children from challenges is the same as criticizing them.
A
False.
25
Fill in the blank: Criticism can lead to a fine line between _______ and undermining a child's abilities.
[protecting children]
26
What is disadvantageous inequity?
A person receives less than a social partner
## Footnote
This concept highlights the perception of unfairness when one party feels they are receiving fewer resources compared to another.
27
What is advantageous inequity?
A person receives more than their social partner
## Footnote
This situation occurs when one individual perceives they are benefiting more than another in a social exchange.
28
What is the inequity game?
A game used by researchers to test children's responses to inequity
## Footnote
This game typically involves children aged four to eight years and assesses their understanding of fairness in social interactions.
29
What age group do researchers test in the inequity game?
Four to eight year old children
## Footnote
This age range is selected to observe early developmental perceptions of fairness and equity.
30
Fill in the blank: In disadvantageous inequity, a person receives _______ than a social partner.
less
31
Fill in the blank: In advantageous inequity, a person receives _______ than their social partner.
more
32
What are the three main components of Freud's theory of personality?
ID, ego, super ego
33
What is the ID in Freud's theory?
The repository for pleasure; storehouse for desires, wishes, and pleasures
34
What principle does the ID operate on?
Pleasure principle
35
What is the function of the ego in Freud's theory?
Functions on the reality principle; has perception
36
How does the ego differ from the ID?
The ego has a sense of reality; the ID does not have perception
37
What is the super ego often referred to as?
Voice of conscience
38
At what level of functioning is the ID component in a young child?
At its maximum level of functioning
39
True or False: The ID has reasoning capabilities.
False
40
Fill in the blank: The ego operates on the _______.
reality principle
41
Fill in the blank: The ID acts on the _______.
pleasure principle
42
43
Why is communication important when a child is misbehaving?
Communication is vital for the child to reflect on their own behaviors and encourage empathy and pro-social behaviors.
## Footnote
This approach avoids physical restraint and focuses on understanding the child's feelings.
44
What should not be done when a child is misbehaving?
The child should not be physically restrained.
## Footnote
Instead, communication should be prioritized to address the behavior.
45
What happens to behaviors that are reinforced over time?
Behaviors that are reinforced tend to be repeated.
## Footnote
Conversely, behaviors that are punished are usually avoided or ceased.
46
What types of behaviors should be reinforced?
Positive moral behaviors should be reinforced.
## Footnote
This reinforcement encourages the continuation of good behavior.
47
What does social learning theory emphasize regarding children's behavior?
Social learning theory emphasizes that children imitate behaviors from role models in their social network.
## Footnote
These role models include parents, older siblings, and peers.
48
Fill in the blank: Behaviors which are _____ over a period of time are ones that we tend to repeat.
[reinforced]
49
Fill in the blank: Children can imitate the behaviors of their _____, older siblings, peers, and other people in their social network.
[parents]
50
True or False: Children learn to avoid behaviors that are reinforced.
False
## Footnote
They learn to avoid behaviors that are punished.
51
What are pro-social actions in the context of behavior modeling?
Pro-social actions are appropriate behaviors demonstrated by role models.
## Footnote
These actions are important for children's social development.
52
What is positive punishment?
Addition of an aversive stimulus, such as yelling or smacking
## Footnote
Positive punishment should be avoided as it is less likely to change behavior.
53
What is negative punishment?
Removal of a pleasant stimulus, such as taking away a child's favorite toy
## Footnote
Negative punishment is used to decrease undesired behavior.
54
What can punishment provide in the short term?
Momentary compliance
## Footnote
Punishment can be justified when immediate obedience is necessary.
55
In what situation might punishment be justified?
When a child is misbehaving in a public setting affecting others' comfort
## Footnote
This highlights the need for immediate control over behavior.
56
What is a common emotional response of a child to punishment?
Anger
## Footnote
Punishment can often produce an anger response in the child.
57
What can be a consequence of punishment in terms of child behavior?
Aggression and avoidance of the punishing adult
## Footnote
Children may respond aggressively and try to avoid the adult who punishes them.
58
Why might parents find relief in using punishment?
It can stop certain behaviors they struggle to control
## Footnote
This relief is often short-term and not a sustainable strategy.
59
What is a drawback of using coercive discipline?
It leads to the child learning to avoid the parent
## Footnote
The child may not understand the reason behind the punishment.
60
What is suggested instead of using punishment?
Communication and explanation regarding consequences for misbehavior
## Footnote
This approach helps the child understand their actions rather than just feeling punished.
61
What is the first stage in Kohlberg's level of moral development?
Punishment and obedience orientation
## Footnote
In this stage, children see right and wrong as determined by what avoids punishment.
62
In the punishment and obedience orientation, how are rules viewed?
Rules are seen as fixed and must be obeyed to avoid getting into trouble
## Footnote
Authority figures and consequences are emphasized.
63
What is the main focus of the punishment and obedience orientation in children?
Avoiding punishment
## Footnote
Intention is not taken into account.
64
What is the second stage in Kohlberg's moral development theory?
Instrumental purpose orientation
## Footnote
Actions are guided by self-interest and fairness in exchange.
65
How are moral decisions made in the instrumental purpose orientation?
Based on what benefits the individual
## Footnote
Examples include 'I'll help you if you help me.'
66
At what age range does the conventional level of moral development typically occur?
From early adolescence to adulthood
## Footnote
This level involves conforming to social rules and expectations.
67
What is emphasized in the conventional level of moral development?
Maintaining relationships and social order
## Footnote
Value is placed on conforming to societal norms.
68
What is the third stage in Kohlberg's moral development?
Interpersonal normative reality, or good boy good girl orientation
## Footnote
Moral decisions are influenced by social approval.
69
In the good boy good girl orientation, what matters more: intentions or consequences?
Intentions matter more
## Footnote
Emphasis is placed on being nice, loyal, and trustworthy.
70
What is the fourth stage of moral development?
Social order orientation
71
In social order orientation, what becomes important?
Law and Order
72
Moral reasoning in the social order orientation is based on _______.
obeying laws and respecting authority
73
What is the focus shift in the social order orientation stage?
From interpersonal relationships to the broader society
74
What is stage five in moral development?
Social contract orientation
75
What does social contract orientation emphasize?
Democratic values and individual rights
76
How are laws viewed in social contract orientation?
Laws are created through social agreements and respected but can be changed if they infringe on basic human rights
77
What might individuals support in stage five if a law is unjust?
Civil disobedience
78
What is stage six in moral development?
Universal ethical principles
79
What guides morality in stage six?
Self-chosen ethical principles such as justice, equality, dignity
80
What is a key characteristic of principles in stage six?
They are considered universal and consistent, even if they go against rules or laws
81
What does Gilligan's work emphasize about moral development?
Moral development is shaped by voice and perspective, not just abstract logic.
## Footnote
This contrasts with traditional views that focus solely on logical reasoning.
82
How do females typically approach moral problems according to Gilligan?
Females often focus more on relationships and care responsibility to others.
## Footnote
This is in contrast to males, who tend to prioritize justice and rules.
83
What is the focus of stage one in Gilligan's model of moral development?
The survival orientation stage focuses on self-interest and personal survival.
## Footnote
This stage reflects early moral reasoning typical for both boys and girls.
84
What internal conflict do girls experience in stage one of Gilligan's model?
Girls experience an internal conflict between being socialized to care for others and focusing on personal needs.
## Footnote
This conflict is a key aspect of their moral development.
85
What characterizes stage two, the conventional care stage, in Gilligan's model?
Being good puts others' needs ahead of one's own.
## Footnote
Girls and women often feel pressure to sacrifice for others in this stage.
86
How do boys typically respond in stage two of Gilligan's model?
Boys may be more encouraged to assert independence.
## Footnote
This highlights a difference in socialization between genders.
87
What is the focus of stage three, integrated care, in Gilligan's model?
There is a balance between caring for the needs of others and one's own needs.
## Footnote
This stage represents a more mature understanding of moral responsibility.
88
What struggle do females often face in reaching stage three of Gilligan's model?
Females often struggle to reclaim their voice and moral agency, learning to say no without guilt.
## Footnote
This struggle is essential for achieving integrated care.
89
True or False: Gilligan's model includes only two stages of moral development.
False. There are three stages in Gilligan's model.
## Footnote
The stages are survival orientation, conventional care, and integrated care.
90
Fill in the blank: In Gilligan's model, stage one is called the _______.
survival orientation stage
91
Fill in the blank: In stage two of Gilligan's model, girls and women often feel pressure to _______.
sacrifice for others
92
What factors heavily shape Moral Development in a child?
A child's environment
## Footnote
This includes parenting styles, school environments, socio-economic status, and peer relationships.
93
What type of parenting promotes empathy, responsibility, and moral reasoning?
Authoritative parenting
## Footnote
Characterized by high warmth and firm boundaries.
94
What challenges do parents who use lecturing, threats, or sarcasm face?
They struggle with changing their teens' behaviors in education
## Footnote
These methods may hinder effective communication and moral development.
95
How do schools support moral growth in children?
By emphasizing cooperation, fairness, and ethical reflection
## Footnote
Such educational environments foster moral reasoning and development.
96
What is the relationship between socio-economic status and moral learning opportunities?
Children in stable, resource-rich environments may have more opportunities for moral learning
## Footnote
This includes access to education and positive role models.
97
How can friendships and peer conflict contribute to moral development?
They help children practice perspective taking and understand fairness
## Footnote
Interactions with peers provide practical experiences in moral reasoning.
