Module 2.1

Question 1

What did Ramon y Cajal demonstrate?

Answer 1

That there are spaces between each neuron in our brains. This showed him that they are made up of individual cells.

Question 2

List the major structures of animal cells.

Answer 2

Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes

Question 3

What is the main function of the membrane?

Answer 3

to allow certain things into the cell and to keep others out

Question 4

What is the main function of the nucleus?

Answer 4

houses chromosomes

Question 5

What is the main function of the mitochondrion?

Answer 5

Provides energy for the cell

Question 6

What is the main function of ribosomes?

Answer 6

creates proteins

Question 7

What are the main subdivisions of the neuron?

Answer 7

Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic terminal
Soma (cell body)

Question 8

What is the main function of dendrites?

Answer 8

receive info from other neurons

Question 9

What is the main function of the soma?

Answer 9

house cell structures

Question 10

What is the main function of axons?

Answer 10

sends messages to other neurons

Question 11

What is the main function of the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 11

where axon releases chemical called neurotransmitters

Question 12

What is the myelin sheath?

Answer 12

An insulation that surrounds some axons made of fats/proteins

Question 13

What is the function of the presynaptic terminal (end bulb)?

Answer 13

to receive and send chemicals between neurons

Question 14

What do the terms afferent and efferent mean?

Answer 14

Afferent means eceive info and efferent means send info

Question 15

Can an axon be both afferent and efferent? Explain.

Answer 15

Yes it can because it is afferent to one structure (t receives info from it) and efferent to a different structure (because it send info to it).

Question 16

What is an interneuron or intrinsic neuron?

Answer 16

A neuron whose dendrites and axons are completely enclosed in one structure

Question 17

How do glial cells differ from neurons?

Answer 17

Glial cells divide like other body cells, while neurons are very limited in division. Also, they are smaller than neurons in size and there are more of them.

Question 18

What are four functions of glia?

Answer 18

1. Get rid of waste
2. Support neurons
3. Supply nutrients
4. Separate neurons from each other

Question 19

What are two functions of astrocytes?

Answer 19

1. Provide nutrients to nervous tissue

2. Synchronize neuron activity

Question 20

What do microglia do?

Answer 20

Get rid of wastes and protect against viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms (brain’s immune system)

Question 21

What two kinds of glia form myelin sheaths?

Answer 21

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Question 22

What is the function of radial glia?

Answer 22

To guide migration and growth during development

Question 23

Neurons look like

Answer 23

trees

Question 24

The ______ _________ are doors that let things in and out or keep things out in the cell membrane.

Answer 24

protein channels

Question 25

________ are the powerhouses of the cell

Answer 25

Mitochondria

Question 26

What does SAME mean?

Answer 26

Sensory (neurons) are afferent. Motor (neurons) are efferent.

Question 27

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

Answer 27

neurons and glia

Question 28

fat surrounding cell; controls movement in and out of the cell

Answer 28

membrane

Question 29

contains DNA (genes)

Answer 29

nucleus

Question 30

provides energy using glucose, oxygen

Answer 30

mitochondria

Question 31

makes and transports proteins

Answer 31

ribosomes/endoplasmic reticulum

Question 32

undeveloped neurons capable of dividing

Answer 32

stem cells

Question 33

Most brain cancer are what type of cells?

Answer 33

glia cells

Question 34

these send and receive info to other neurons using electrochemical impulses

Answer 34

neurons

Question 35

these type of cells are for chemical transfer and support

Answer 35

glia cells

Question 36

What are the two types of cells in the NS?

Answer 36

neurons and glia cells

Question 37

fat surrounding cell; controls movement in and out of the cell

Answer 37

membrane

Question 38

contains DNA (genes)

Answer 38

nucleus

Question 39

provides energy using glucose, oxygen

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

makes and transports proteins

Answer 40

ribosomes/endoplasmic reticulum

Question 41

receives info from other neurons

Answer 41

dendrites

Question 42

sends info to other neuron

Answer 42

axon

Question 43

insulation made of fats/proteins, covers some axons

Answer 43

myelin sheath

Question 44

the spaces in between sections of sheath

Answer 44

nodes of ranvier

Question 45

where axon releases neurotransmitter

Answer 45

presynaptic terminal (end bulb)

Question 46

to bring info in

Answer 46

afferent

Question 47

to bring info out

Answer 47

efferent

Question 48

builds myelin around axons

Answer 48

oligodendrocytes

Question 49

guide migration and growth during development; convert to neurons and glia after development

Answer 49

radial glia

Question 50

the brain's immune system

Answer 50

microglia

Question 51

undeveloped (undifferentiated) neurons capable of dividing

Answer 51

stem cells

Question 52

__________ are the powerhouses of the cell.

Answer 52

Mitochondria

Question 53

Most brain cancers are ____ cells.

Answer 53

glia

Question 54

tightly packed cells that keep most bacteria and viruses out of brain; keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain

Answer 54

blood-brain barrier

Question 55

pumps chemicals across blood-brain barrier

Answer 55

active transport system

Question 56

caused by brain damage bc of lack of B1 (thiamine) over time

Answer 56

Korsakoff's syndrom

Question 57

During the resting potential, the inside of a neuron is _____

Answer 57

negative

Question 58

At rest, Na+ is more concentrated _____.

Answer 58

outside

Question 59

At rest, Cl- is more concentrated ______.

Answer 59

outside

Question 60

At rest, K+ is more concentrated _____

Answer 60

inside

Question 61

a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

Answer 61

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 62

the point from which the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between one neuron and the next

Answer 62

presynaptic terminal

Question 63

Every sensory neuron is an _______ to the rest of the nervous system , and every motor neuron is an _____ from the nervous system.

Answer 63

afferent; efferent

Question 64

What are the cells called that function as the brain's immune system?

Answer 64

microglia

Question 65

a protein-mediated process that expands energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

Answer 65

active transport

Question 66

Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier passively?

Answer 66

small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the blood-brain barrier passively. So do chemicals that dissolve in fats of the membrane.

Question 67

Which chemicals pass the blood-brain barrier by active transport?

Answer 67

glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, certain vitamins, and a few hormones

Question 68

Vertebrate neurons rely almost completely on _____ for nutrition.

Answer 68

glucose