Module 3: Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 1

what is one of the largest and most complex organs in the human body?

Answer 1

brain

Question 2

a brain is made up of ______ nerves that communicate in ______ of connections called _____

Answer 2

100 billion, trillions, synapses

Question 3

what are the 4 specialized areas that work together in the brain?

Answer 3

cortex, brain stem, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Question 4

this is the outermost layer of brain cells; thinking and voluntary movements

Answer 4

cortex

Question 5

is in between spinal cord and the rest of the brain; breathing and sleeping

Answer 5

brain stem

Question 6

cluster of structures in the center of the brain; messages

Answer 6

basal ganglia

Question 7

is at the base and the back of the brain; coordination and balance

Answer 7

cerebellum

Question 8

what are the 4 lobes?

Answer 8

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 9

what lobe is responsible for problem solving, judgment, and motor function?

Answer 9

frontal lobe

Question 10

what lobe manages sensation, handwriting, and body position?

Answer 10

parietal lobe

Question 11

what lobe is involved with memory and hearing?

Answer 11

temporal lobe

Question 12

what lobe contains the brain’s visual processing system?

Answer 12

occipital lobes

Question 13

a layer of tissue

Answer 13

meninges

Question 14

what protects the brain form injury?

Answer 14

skull (cranium)

Question 15

what is the study of the physiological basis of cognition?

Answer 15

cognitive neuroscience

Question 16

what is the subfield of neuroscience that studies the biological processes that underlie human cognition, especially regarding the relation between brain structures, activity, and cognitive functions?

Answer 16

cognitive neuroscience

Question 17

the purpose of this is to determine the brain functions and achieves performance

Answer 17

cognitive neuroscience

Question 18

what is considered a branch of BOTH psychology and neuroscience?

Answer 18

cognitive neuroscience

Question 19

what is a neurotransmitter associated with feelings of satisfaction, brain function, and decision making?

Answer 19

dopamine

Question 20

what plays a role in how we feel pleasure?

Answer 20

dopamine

Question 21

it refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, from multiple angles and different points of view

Answer 21

level of analysis

Question 22

what is the basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, etc?

Answer 22

neurons

Question 23

this contains the nucleus and cytoplasm that keeps the cell alive

Answer 23

cell body

Question 24

this extends from the cell body and often gives rise to many smaller branches, which receives info from other neurons

Answer 24

axon

Question 25

what are tube filled with fluid that transmits electrical signal to other neurons?

Answer 25

dendrites

Question 26

what is the stained tissue anatomists identified in the early conceptions of neurons last 19th century?

Answer 26

nerve net

Question 27

This allows for almost nonstop, continuous communication of signals throughout the network

Answer 27

nerve net

Question 28

who founded neuron doctrine?

Answer 28

Ramon y Cajal

Question 29

what is the individual nerve cells that transmit signals and are not continuously linked with other cells?

Answer 29

neuron doctrine

Question 30

who recorded electrical signals from single sensory neurons which was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1932?

Answer 30

edgar adrian

Question 31

what are small shafts of hollow glass filled with conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals

Answer 31

microelectrodes

Question 32

what are the 2 electrodes?

Answer 32

recording and reference electrode

Question 33

value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron

Answer 33

resting potential

Question 34

what passes through the electrode

Answer 34

nerve impulse

Question 35

from positive to negative to resting potential

Answer 35

action potential

Question 36

everything a person experiences is based on _______- in the person's nervous system

Answer 36

representations

Question 37

neurons that respond best to a specific stimulus

Answer 37

feature detectors

Question 38

the structure of the brain changes with experience

Answer 38

experience-dependency plasticity

Question 39

When we perceive different objects, we do so in a specific order that moves from lower to higher areas of the brain

Answer 39

hierarchical processing

Question 40

what is the problem of neural representation for the senses?

Answer 40

problem of sensory coding

Question 41

this refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

Answer 41

sensory code

Question 42

what sensory coding shows representation of a stimulus by firing of specifically tuned neurons specialized to respond only to a specific stimulus?

Answer 42

specificity coding

Question 43

what sensory coding shows representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing large number of neurons?

Answer 43

population coding

Question 44

what sensory coding shows representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing only a small group of neurons?

Answer 44

sparse coding

Question 45

what declines in specific ways when certain areas of the brain are damaged?

Answer 45

cognitive functioning

Question 46

this contains mechanisms responsible for most cognitive functions

Answer 46

cerebral cortex

Question 47

this measures neural activity by identifying highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules

Answer 47

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 48

this responds to faces

Answer 48

fusiform face area (FFA)

Question 49

inability to recognize face

Answer 49

prosopagnosia

Question 50

this responds specifically to places

Answer 50

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Question 51

this responds specifically to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

Answer 51

extrastriate body area (EBA)

Question 52

what are the interconnected areas of the brain that communicate with each other?

Answer 52

neural networks

Question 53

what is the structural description of the network elements and connections forming the human brain?

Answer 53

connectome

Question 54

vision; visual perception

Answer 54

visual

Question 55

movement and touch

Answer 55

somato-motor

Question 56

attention to visual stimuli and spatial locations

Answer 56

dorsal attention

Question 57

higher-level cognitive tasks involved in working memory

Answer 57

executive control

Question 58

attending to survival-relevant events

Answer 58

salience

Question 59

Mind wandering, and cognitive activity related to personal life-story, social functions, and monitoring internal emotional states

Answer 59

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