Module 8: Short-Term & Working Memory

Question 1

what is the process involved in retaining and using info about stimuli after the original info is no lo nger present

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

___ experience has an impact on how you think or behave now or in the future

Answer 2

past

Question 3

developed by atkinson and shiffrin 1968

Answer 3

modal model of memory

Question 4

types of memory (structural features)

Answer 4

sensory, short term, long term memory

Question 5

initial stage. holds all incoming infor FOR SECONDS or FRACTIONS of seconds

Answer 5

sensory memory

Question 6

holds 5-7 items for ant 15-20 seconds

Answer 6

short term memory

Question 7

can hold large amount of info for years or even decade

Answer 7

long term

Question 8

active processes that can be controlled by the person

Answer 8

control processes

Question 9

it is the retention for brief periods of time, of the effects of the sensory stimulation

Answer 9

sensory memory

Question 10

retention of the perception of light

Answer 10

persistence of vision

Question 11

measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory (sperling, 1960)

Answer 11

sperling’s experiment

Question 12

array of letters are flashed quickly on screen and participants are asked to report as many as possible

Answer 12

sperling experiment of measuring the capacity and duration of sensory memory

Question 13

ave 4.5 out of 12 letters (37.5%)

Answer 13

whole report method

Question 14

participants heard tone that tells them which row of letters to report (ave. = 3.3 out of 4 letters 82%)

Answer 14

partial report method

Question 15

presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of second after letters were extinguished (performance decreased rapidly)

Answer 15

delayed partial report method

Question 16

the ⬇️ in performance is due to the rapid decay of ___

Answer 16

iconic memory

Question 17

brief sensory memory of what we see (visual - for seconds)

Answer 17

iconic memory

Question 18

brief sensory memory of what we hear (auditory- for 1 second)

Answer 18

echoic memory

Question 19

does NOT REQUIRE attention for the attention to be maintained

Answer 19

sensory memory

Question 20

relatively. automatic

Answer 20

sensory memory

Question 21

to retain info (sensory memory) for LONGER periods, it must be transferred to ___

Answer 21

STM

Question 22

stores SMALL amount of info for BRIEF DURATION

Answer 22

STM

Question 23

includes both new info received from sensory stores and info recalled from ltm

Answer 23

stm

Question 24

3 types of code in STM

Answer 24

visual
phonetic
semantic -meaning

Question 25

procedure used to measure the capacity of STM

Answer 25

change detection

Question 26

7+/-2 chunks of info

Answer 26

capacity

Question 27

small units that can be combined into larger meaningful units

Answer 27

chunking

Question 28

unit of the working memory space

Answer 28

chunk

Question 29

a collection of elements strongly associated with one another but WEAKLY associated with elements in OTHER chunks

Answer 29

chunk

Question 30

strength of info DECAYS OVER TIME unless it is periodically reactivated or pulsed

Answer 30

maintenance rehearsal

Question 31

decay and time are more disruptive on material than is more similar

Answer 31

confusability and similarity

Question 32

WM is resource limited and depends on limited supply of attentional reseources

Answer 32

attention and similarity

Question 33

similar concept with STM

Answer 33

Working Memory

Question 34

storage, processing and manipulation of info, active during complex cognition

Answer 34

working memory

Question 35

baddeley’s working memory model

Answer 35

phonetic loop central executive visuospatial sketch pad

Question 36

two components of phonological loop

Answer 36

phonological store articulatory rehearsal process

Question 37

has a limited capacity and holds info for only a few sec

Answer 37

phonological store

Question 38

responsible for rehearsal that keep items in the phonological store from decaying

Answer 38

articulatory rehearsal process

Question 39

3 phenomena supporting phonological loop (PSE, WLE, AS)

Answer 39

phonological similarity word length effect articulatory suppression

Question 40

letters or words that sound similar are confusing

Answer 40

phonological similarity effect

Question 41

the memory is better for lists that have short words than long words

Answer 41

word length effect

Question 42

takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall

Answer 42

wle

Question 43

speaking prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered

Answer 43

articulatory suppression

Question 44

holds visual and spatial info

Answer 44

visuospatial sketch pad

Question 45

creation of visual images in the mind in the absence of physical visual stimulus

Answer 45

visual imagery

Question 46

rotating an image of one of the objects in their mind

Answer 46

mental rotation

Question 47

it is where the major work of working memory occurs bcs the control central of the working memory system

Answer 47

central executive

Question 48

controls suppression of irrelevant info

Answer 48

central executive

Question 49

mission is not to store info but to coordinate how info is used by PL and VSP

Answer 49

central executive

Question 50

central executive as being (AC)

Answer 50

attention controller

Question 51

how attention is focused on specific task, divided between two tasks, switched between tasks

Answer 51

AC

Question 52

CE is related to

Answer 52

executive attention

Question 53

repeatedly performing the same action even if not achieving the desired goal

Answer 53

perseveration

Question 54

backup store that communicates with LTM and WM components

Answer 54

episodic buffer

Question 55

holds info longer and has greater capacity than PL and VSP

Answer 55

episodic buffer

Question 56

responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory info

Answer 56

prefrontal cortex

Question 57

info is stored in ST changes in neural networks

Answer 57

stokes 2015

Question 58

types of activity-silent working memory

Answer 58

activity state synaptic state

Question 59

causes neurons to fire

Answer 59

activity state

Question 60

neuron firing stops

Answer 60

synaptic state