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ergo 2 > Module 4: Information Theory > Flashcards

Module 4: Information Theory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the subdiscipline of psychology which states that the human work is above the neck?

A

engineering psychology

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2
Q

according to Wickens, C. et. al. (2013), what discipline focus on performance in the workplace that characterizes its close linkage back to ergonomics and cognitive ergonomics?

A

engineering psychology

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3
Q

what does the engineering psychology typically measures?

A

the big 3: speed, accuracy, attentional demand

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4
Q

what do engineering psychologists study in terms of cognitive phenomena?

A

the quality of mental model, situation awareness, and overconfidence in a decision

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5
Q

where is data derived from?

A

information

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6
Q

this is conveyed either as a content of a message or through direct pr indirect observation of something

A

information

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7
Q

what are the 6 types of information?

A

quantitative
qualitative
status
warning
representational
identification

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8
Q

who developed the information theory?

A

Claude E. Shannon

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9
Q

what is the purpose of information theory?

A

to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations

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10
Q

where do information theory draws its knowledge from?

A

statistical inferences, natural language processing, and other forms of data analysis

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11
Q

what starts by an environmental input or operator’s voluntary intention to act?

A

system environment (feedback)

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12
Q

for short-term sensory store, what is the reason why all sensory systems have an associated STSS?

A

to prolong the raw materials for 0.5 min or 2-4 sec

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13
Q

what does the STSS permits to be preserved temporarily and be dealt with later?

A

environmental information

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14
Q

unfamiliar circumstances remove the ability to use ______?

A

past experiences

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15
Q

what forces the perceiver to use top-down expectancies?

A

poor sensory quality

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16
Q

what happens if such expectancies are wrong?

A

perceptual errors can occur

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17
Q

what is driven by sensory inputs or by inputs from long-term memory about what events are expected?

A

perception

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of perception in human information processing model?

A

top-down processing and bottom-up processing

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19
Q

this refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in

A

bottom-up processing

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20
Q

this refers to the way it is built up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

A

bottom-up processing

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21
Q

this refers to perception that is driven by cognition

A

top-down processing

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22
Q

stimulus world > senses

A

bottom-up processing

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23
Q

experiences > knowledge

A

top-down processing

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24
Q

what operations require greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning, or image processing using working memory?

A

cognition

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25
Q

how to use our memories?

A

use under controlled conditions

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26
Q

this refers to the choices/options presented or thought of before responding when a situation occurs

A

response selection

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27
Q

this refers to the chosen action from the list of options

A

response execution

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28
Q

what is triggered when you understand a situation?

A

action

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29
Q

what is the formula of reaction time?

A

RT = Hick-Hyman Law + Movement Time (Fitts Law)

30
Q

what theory describes decision made under uncertainty?

A

signal detection theory

31
Q

what are the 4 parts of signal detection?

A

Stimulus
Signal
Noise
Task

32
Q

sensory input(s)

A

stimulus

33
Q

stimulus having a special pattern

A

signal

34
Q

obscuring stimuli

A

noise

35
Q

reporting “yes” when signal present, “no” if otherwise

A

task

36
Q

what is a graphical plot of how often false alarms (x) occur vs. how often hits (y) occur for any level of sensitivity?

A

receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

37
Q

how is sensitivity of d’ captured in the curve?

A

by the “bow”

38
Q

the _____ the curve bends up to the right, the _____ the sensitivity

A

more, better

39
Q

what do humans make when they detect signals?

A

2 alternatives along a sequence of sensory evidence

40
Q

what do you call the behavior of humans identifying 3 or more stimuli at DIFFERENT levels of sensory evidences?

A

absolute judgment

41
Q

what is an example of a task in which the human transmits information from stimulus to response?

A

absolute judgment

42
Q

an observer assign a stimulus into one of the ____ categories along a _____

A

multiple, sensory dimension

43
Q

how is an information can be expressed?

A

bits (binomial digits)

44
Q

this equal to the base 2 logarithm of the number of possible events

A

bits (binomial digits)

45
Q

the amount of information in the stimulus

A

Hs

46
Q

what is information loss?

A

Ht < Hs ; the amount of transmitted information is less than the stimulus information

47
Q

absolute judgment can be divided into 2:

A

single dimensions
multidimensional judgment

48
Q

this includes the stimulus continuum and several discrete levels of the continuum

A

channel capacity

49
Q

when is information transmission (Ht) usually perfect?

A

when 4 discriminable stimuli (2 bits) are presented

50
Q

increasing number of discrete stimulus level, error rate _____?

A

increases

51
Q

according to Miller (1956), every subject has a _____- if the number of discrete levels and the error rate are directly proportional

A

maximum channel capacity

52
Q

this states that “stimuli located in the middle of the range are generally identified with poorer accuracy than those at the extremes”

A

edge effect

53
Q

according to edge effect, the 45° slope of the dashed line indicates what?

A

perfect information transmission

54
Q

what indicates the channel capacity of the operator?

A

level of flat part or asymptote of the function

55
Q

this refers to the level of the stimulus on one dimension can take on any value and independent of the other

A

orthogonal dimension

56
Q

“As _____ dimensions are added, _____ ______
information is transmitted, but _____ information
is transmitted ___ _________”.

A

more, more total

less, per dimension

57
Q

this refers on the level on one constraints, the level on another

A

correlated dimensions

58
Q

“As more dimensions are added, the ___________ improves, but Hs ______ the amount of information that can be transmitted”

A

security of the channel, limits

59
Q

what does the orthogonal dimensions maximizes?

A

Ht, efficiency of the channel

60
Q

what does the correlated dimension minimizes?

A

Hloss

61
Q

what does the correlated dimension maximizes?

A

security of the channel

62
Q

this refers to (in) action that was not intended, not desired by a set of rules, or an external observer, that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits

A

human error

63
Q

what is the goal of human error?

A

minimize error to maximize human performance

64
Q

how does human error occur?

A

task complexity
error-likely situations
individual differences

65
Q

how are errors detected?

A

action, output, process - based

66
Q

what are the 4 causes of human error?

A

design deficiency
equipment malfunction
manufacturing defect
environmental hazards

67
Q

what type of human error causes creates a problem if the design has a problem that causes mishap?

A

design deficiency

68
Q

what type of human error causes creates a problem if the machine operated incorrectly?

A

equipment malfunction

69
Q

what type of human error causes creates a problem if the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to fail?

A

manufacturing defect

70
Q

what type of human error causes creates a problem if an outside factor is involved that causes hazardous condition?

A

environmental hazard

71
Q
A

ergo 2 (12 decks)

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