Module 4: Information Theory

Question 1

what is the subdiscipline of psychology which states that the human work is above the neck?

Answer 1

engineering psychology

Question 2

according to Wickens, C. et. al. (2013), what discipline focus on performance in the workplace that characterizes its close linkage back to ergonomics and cognitive ergonomics?

Answer 2

engineering psychology

Question 3

what does the engineering psychology typically measures?

Answer 3

the big 3: speed, accuracy, attentional demand

Question 4

what do engineering psychologists study in terms of cognitive phenomena?

Answer 4

the quality of mental model, situation awareness, and overconfidence in a decision

Question 5

where is data derived from?

Answer 5

information

Question 6

this is conveyed either as a content of a message or through direct pr indirect observation of something

Answer 6

information

Question 7

what are the 6 types of information?

Answer 7

quantitative
qualitative
status
warning
representational
identification

Question 8

who developed the information theory?

Answer 8

Claude E. Shannon

Question 9

what is the purpose of information theory?

Answer 9

to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations

Question 10

where do information theory draws its knowledge from?

Answer 10

statistical inferences, natural language processing, and other forms of data analysis

Question 11

what starts by an environmental input or operator’s voluntary intention to act?

Answer 11

system environment (feedback)

Question 12

for short-term sensory store, what is the reason why all sensory systems have an associated STSS?

Answer 12

to prolong the raw materials for 0.5 min or 2-4 sec

Question 13

what does the STSS permits to be preserved temporarily and be dealt with later?

Answer 13

environmental information

Question 14

unfamiliar circumstances remove the ability to use ______?

Answer 14

past experiences

Question 15

what forces the perceiver to use top-down expectancies?

Answer 15

poor sensory quality

Question 16

what happens if such expectancies are wrong?

Answer 16

perceptual errors can occur

Question 17

what is driven by sensory inputs or by inputs from long-term memory about what events are expected?

Answer 17

perception

Question 18

what are the 2 types of perception in human information processing model?

Answer 18

top-down processing and bottom-up processing

Question 19

this refers to processing sensory information as it is coming in

Answer 19

bottom-up processing

Question 20

this refers to the way it is built up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

Answer 20

bottom-up processing

Question 21

this refers to perception that is driven by cognition

Answer 21

top-down processing

Question 22

stimulus world > senses

Answer 22

bottom-up processing

Question 23

experiences > knowledge

Answer 23

top-down processing

Question 24

what operations require greater time, mental effort, or attention through rehearsal, reasoning, or image processing using working memory?

Answer 24

cognition

Question 25

how to use our memories?

Answer 25

use under controlled conditions

Question 26

this refers to the choices/options presented or thought of before responding when a situation occurs

Answer 26

response selection

Question 27

this refers to the chosen action from the list of options

Answer 27

response execution

Question 28

what is triggered when you understand a situation?

Answer 28

action

Question 29

what is the formula of reaction time?

Answer 29

RT = Hick-Hyman Law + Movement Time (Fitts Law)

Question 30

what theory describes decision made under uncertainty?

Answer 30

signal detection theory

Question 31

what are the 4 parts of signal detection?

Answer 31

Stimulus Signal Noise Task

Question 32

sensory input(s)

Answer 32

stimulus

Question 33

stimulus having a special pattern

Answer 33

signal

Question 34

obscuring stimuli

Answer 34

noise

Question 35

reporting "yes" when signal present, "no" if otherwise

Answer 35

task

Question 36

what is a graphical plot of how often false alarms (x) occur vs. how often hits (y) occur for any level of sensitivity?

Answer 36

receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

Question 37

how is sensitivity of d' captured in the curve?

Answer 37

by the "bow"

Question 38

the _____ the curve bends up to the right, the _____ the sensitivity

Answer 38

more, better

Question 39

what do humans make when they detect signals?

Answer 39

2 alternatives along a sequence of sensory evidence

Question 40

what do you call the behavior of humans identifying 3 or more stimuli at DIFFERENT levels of sensory evidences?

Answer 40

absolute judgment

Question 41

what is an example of a task in which the human transmits information from stimulus to response?

Answer 41

absolute judgment

Question 42

an observer assign a stimulus into one of the ____ categories along a _____

Answer 42

multiple, sensory dimension

Question 43

how is an information can be expressed?

Answer 43

bits (binomial digits)

Question 44

this equal to the base 2 logarithm of the number of possible events

Answer 44

bits (binomial digits)

Question 45

the amount of information in the stimulus

Answer 45

Hs

Question 46

what is information loss?

Answer 46

Ht < Hs ; the amount of transmitted information is less than the stimulus information

Question 47

absolute judgment can be divided into 2:

Answer 47

single dimensions multidimensional judgment

Question 48

this includes the stimulus continuum and several discrete levels of the continuum

Answer 48

channel capacity

Question 49

when is information transmission (Ht) usually perfect?

Answer 49

when 4 discriminable stimuli (2 bits) are presented

Question 50

increasing number of discrete stimulus level, error rate _____?

Answer 50

increases

Question 51

according to Miller (1956), every subject has a _____- if the number of discrete levels and the error rate are directly proportional

Answer 51

maximum channel capacity

Question 52

this states that "stimuli located in the middle of the range are generally identified with poorer accuracy than those at the extremes"

Answer 52

edge effect

Question 53

according to edge effect, the 45° slope of the dashed line indicates what?

Answer 53

perfect information transmission

Question 54

what indicates the channel capacity of the operator?

Answer 54

level of flat part or asymptote of the function

Question 55

this refers to the level of the stimulus on one dimension can take on any value and independent of the other

Answer 55

orthogonal dimension

Question 56

“As _____ dimensions are added, _____ ______ information is transmitted, but _____ information is transmitted ___ _________”.

Answer 56

more, more total less, per dimension

Question 57

this refers on the level on one constraints, the level on another

Answer 57

correlated dimensions

Question 58

"As more dimensions are added, the ___________ improves, but Hs ______ the amount of information that can be transmitted"

Answer 58

security of the channel, limits

Question 59

what does the orthogonal dimensions maximizes?

Answer 59

Ht, efficiency of the channel

Question 60

what does the correlated dimension minimizes?

Answer 60

Hloss

Question 61

what does the correlated dimension maximizes?

Answer 61

security of the channel

Question 62

this refers to (in) action that was not intended, not desired by a set of rules, or an external observer, that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits

Answer 62

human error

Question 63

what is the goal of human error?

Answer 63

minimize error to maximize human performance

Question 64

how does human error occur?

Answer 64

task complexity error-likely situations individual differences

Question 65

how are errors detected?

Answer 65

action, output, process - based

Question 66

what are the 4 causes of human error?

Answer 66

design deficiency equipment malfunction manufacturing defect environmental hazards

Question 67

what type of human error causes creates a problem if the design has a problem that causes mishap?

Answer 67

design deficiency

Question 68

what type of human error causes creates a problem if the machine operated incorrectly?

Answer 68

equipment malfunction

Question 69

what type of human error causes creates a problem if the material or assembly has an issue that causes it to fail?

Answer 69

manufacturing defect

Question 70

what type of human error causes creates a problem if an outside factor is involved that causes hazardous condition?

Answer 70

environmental hazard