Motivation Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is Motivation?
Motivation is defined as the forces within an individual that influence the level and persistence of effort expended on a task.
What are the three main components of motivation?
The three main components of motivation are: 1. Direction of behavior: Choosing among alternative goals or possibilities. 2. Intensity of behavior: The level of effort put into the chosen behavior. 3. Duration/Persistence: The length of time an individual stays on task.
What is Equity Theory?
Equity Theory suggests individuals are motivated by their perceptions of fairness, specifically comparing the ratio of their own outcomes relative to their efforts with the outcomes and efforts of others.
What influences future behavior according to Equity Theory?
Individuals are motivated to restore balance when they perceive an imbalance or inequity.
How is the comparison in Equity Theory represented?
The comparison is often represented as: Own outcomes / Own efforts = Others’ outcomes / Others’ efforts.
What are the two types of inequity in Equity Theory?
- Felt positive inequity: Perception of receiving more than others for similar contributions. 2. Felt negative inequity: Perception of receiving less than others for similar contributions.
What are possible reactions to felt negative inequity?
Reactions may include: 1. Decreasing performance/effort. 2. Leaving the situation. 3. Changing outcomes. 4. Changing the comparison person. 5. Rationalizing the situation.
What is Organizational Justice?
Organizational justice refers to employee perceptions of how fair the organization is.
What are the three main sub-dimensions of Organizational Justice?
- Distributive justice: Fairness regarding the distribution of resources. 2. Procedural justice: Fairness of policies and decision-making processes. 3. Interactional justice: Fairness regarding interpersonal treatment.
How can organizations increase procedural justice?
Organizations can increase procedural justice by: 1. Making the process open and visible. 2. Stating decision criteria in advance. 3. Ensuring trustworthy individuals make decisions. 4. Allowing participation in the process. 5. Providing an appeal process.
What is Expectancy Theory?
Expectancy Theory proposes that individuals are motivated when they believe they are capable of good performance and that this performance will lead to positive outcomes.
What are the three factors that determine motivation in Expectancy Theory?
- Expectancy: Belief that effort will result in performance. 2. Instrumentality: Belief that performance will lead to a specific outcome. 3. Valence: Value attached to the outcome.
What is the formula for motivation in Expectancy Theory?
Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence.
What does Manifest Needs Theory suggest?
Manifest Needs Theory suggests that humans have fundamental needs they are motivated to meet, and the intensity of these needs can differ among individuals.
What are the three main types of needs in Manifest Needs Theory?
- Need for achievement: Desire to win and solve complex problems. 2. Need for power: Desire to have visibility and impact. 3. Need for affiliation: Desire for good relationships and teamwork.
What is Performance-Contingent Pay?
Performance-contingent pay ties earnings directly to output or performance and is considered an extrinsic motivator.
What are the four types of performance-contingent pay?
- Merit pay: Increases in pay tied to performance. 2. Bonuses: Extra pay for special accomplishments. 3. Gain sharing: Rewards for productivity gains at a local level. 4. Profit sharing: Rewards for changes in overall organizational profits.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation is driven by tangible, external inducements, while intrinsic motivation comes from the satisfaction derived from performing well.
When is intrinsic motivation more effective?
Intrinsic motivation predicts performance when quality matters.
When is extrinsic motivation more effective?
Extrinsic motivation can have a greater impact when quantity matters.
What is the optimal combination for performance?
Performance is highest when there is a combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators.
