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Histology > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

individual muscle cell/ muscle fiber

A

myocyte/ sarcocyte

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2
Q

muscle cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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3
Q

muscle plasma membrane or plasmalemma

A

sarcolemma

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4
Q

muscle type responsible for movement of skeleton that is under voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

____ % of body mass is skeletal muscle

A

40 %

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6
Q

_____ synthesize contractile proteins which assemble into sarcomeres

A

myotubes

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7
Q

connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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8
Q

several muscle fibers bound together into _____

A

fascicles

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9
Q

connective tissue surrounding fascicles

A

perimysium

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10
Q

entire muscle. surrounded by _____ and is continuous with tendinous attachment

A

epimysium

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11
Q

type of muscle fibers that are small fibers with large amounts of myoglobin; use primary aerobic respiration for oxidative metabolism; large number of mitochondria; resistant to fatigue

A

type 1 slow twitch fibers

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12
Q

type of muscle fibers that are large with less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria; use primary anaerobic glycolysis from energy production; abundant glycogen; extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum for rapid Ca release; fatigue rapidly

A

type 2 fast twitch fibers

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13
Q

breakdown of actin and myosin from extreme exertion

A

rhabdomyolysis

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14
Q

increase in cell size coming with exercise; due to increase of mitochondria and volume of contractile proteins

A

hypertrophy

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15
Q

decrease in cell size due to immobilization or disuse

A

atrophy

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16
Q

with increased age, progressive loss of skeletal muscle fibers not replaced

A

sarcopenia

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17
Q

small myogenic cells adjacent to sarcolemma that proliferate following injury and differentiate into myoblasts; primary regeneration of skeletal muscle

A

satellite cells

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18
Q

modified skeletal muscle fibers called ______ associated with modified nerve endings

A

intrafusal fibers

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19
Q

muscle spindles located within belly of muscle that are sensitive to changes in length

A

neuromuscular spindles

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20
Q

golgi tendon organs located within tendon sensitive to changes in tension

A

neurotendinous spindles

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21
Q

individual muscle fibers are composed of ____

A

myofibrils

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22
Q

myofibrils composed of numerous ______ or _______ in parallel bundles

A

myofilaments; contractile proteins

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23
Q

thin myofilament

A

actin

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24
Q

thick myofilament that gives skeletal muscle its striation

A

myosin

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25
actin and myosin present in __:___ ratio in skeletal muscles
2:1
26
actin and myosin overlap in ___ band but not in ___ band
A; I
27
myofibrils arranged in ___ which are functional units of M cells
sarcomeres
28
______ act as anchoring points for actin myofilaments
z-discs
29
site where skeletal muscle innervated by motor nerve
neuromuscular junction
30
dilated terminal portion of axon surrounded by myelin that rests on sarcolemma
motor end plate
31
dilated terminal portion of axon that is not surrounded by myelin
terminal bouton
32
space between motor end plate of nerve and sarcolemma of muscle; bridged by chemical neurotransmitter
synaptic cleft
33
chemical neurotransmitter used in muscle tissue
acetylcholine
34
extensive network of tubules continuous with sarcolemma; indirectly links extracellular space with ER and intracellular environment
transverse tubules (T-tubules)
35
forms triad with ends of T-tubules; enlarged portion of ER on either side of T-tubule
terminal cisternae
36
total number of muscle fibers contracting at any given time determines strength of overall contraction
graded response
37
group of muscle fibers supplied by single motor neuron
motor unit
38
increase in number of motor units firing within a muscle
recruitment
39
degenerative wasting disease that leads to muscle weakness due to genetic defect in muscle protein that leads to cell death
muscular dystrophy
40
autoimmune disease caused by production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors that leads to muscle weakness
myasthenia gravis
41
rhythmic, wave-like contractions independent of neurological stimulation seen in smooth muscle
inherent contractility
42
single central nucleus is seen in _____ muscle
smooth
43
nuclei migrate to periphery of cell and lose ability to proliferate in _____ muscle
skeletal
44
actin and myosin filaments present in ___:____ ratio in smooth muscle
15:1
45
T/F Myofilaments in smooth muscle are arranged in sarcomeres
False
46
intracytoplasmic structures that provide attachment sites for actin that are functionally equivalent to z-discs
dense bodies
47
T/F Smooth muscle lacks troponin complex that controls myosin binding
True
48
binds and activates myosin cross-binding in smooth muscle
calmodulin
49
T/F Smooth muscle lacks T-Tubule system and terminal cisternae of ER
True
50
functional equivalent of T-tubules in cell membrane of smooth muscle
caveolae
51
smooth muscle fibers contract as a unit
single unit (tonic smooth muscle)
52
smooth muscle individual fibers contract independently
multi unit (phasic smooth muscle)
53
glandular epithelial cells can differentiate in _________ cells
myoepithelial
54
sac-like fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the heart
pericardium
55
outermost layer of heart made of squamous mesothelium on external surface of heart; supported by underlying fibroblastic connective tissue and adipose tissue; convex
epicardium
56
blood vessels and nerves located within ______
subepicardial layer
57
cardiac muscle; thicker in ventricles than atria;
myocardium
58
arrangement of contractile proteins into sarcomeres similar to skeletal muscles composed of __ t-tubule and ___ cisternae of ER, located at z disc
1;1
59
lines atria and ventricles, covers heart valves and is composed of simple squamous epithelium; supported by subendothelial fibroblastic connective tissue, interspersed with reticular fibers and smooth muscle; thick in atria than ventricles; concave
endocardium
60
cardiac valves contain layer of fibrous connective tissue called __________ covered by endothelium
lamina fibrosa
61
the ability to contract independent of stimuli that is exhibited by individual cardiac myocytes
inherent automaticity
62
specialized connections between cells in cardiac muscle that enhance spread of contractile stimulus between cells and allow synchronous contractions; provide increased surface area for attachment of myofibrils between adjacent cells
intercalated discs
63
cell junctions that make up intercalated discs
desmosomes, fascia adherens, and gap junctions
64
bind individual myocytes together laterally and on ends
desmosomes
65
join ends of muscle fibers in intercalated discs
fascia adherens
66
located laterally; provide ionic communication between cells, synchronize contractions and allow muscle to behave as a syncytium in intercalated discs
gap junctions
67
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers make up the ________
conduction system of heart
68
pacemaker located at junction of superior vena cava and right atrium; generates impulses that induce contraction of atria
SA node
69
as impulses travel across atria, they stimulate the _____ which delays impulse and give atria time to contract; located between right atrium and ventricle
AV node
70
impulse travels down interventricular septum via _______ that branches into left and right AV bundles within the interventricular septum
bundle of his
71
fibers further subdivide in ventricular myocardium and ramify into ________ within subendo and subepicardium off ventricular free wall that gradually merge with myocardium, initiate ventricular contraction
Purkinje fibers
72
_____ stimulation increases heart rate (para or sympathetic)
sympathetic
73
_____ stimulation decreases heart rate (para or sympathetic)
parasympathetic

Histology (10 decks)

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